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论文摘要:人学思想的形成和发展,是一个从理性的人经由抽象的人再到现实的人的过程。马克思以现实的人为出发点,以实践为基本范畴,把自己的学说归结为关于现实的人及其历史发展的科学,这一学说深刻的揭示了人的本质及其通过自身的实践活动现实地生成的过程。在他早期的著作中对“现实的人”论述把人从思辨、抽象性的人和自然的人中解放出来,真正赋予了人以现实性,实现了人本质的复归。
马克思的人学思想的形成过程也就是马克思思想逐渐成熟的过程 。马克思从抽象 的人走 向了现实的人 。使得人的自我认识发生计划时代的转向。
一、 “现实的人”思想的提出
“现实的人”思想的萌芽大致在 1843--1844年,体现在马克思所写的《黑格尔法哲学批判》一书和在 《德法年鉴》发表的文章中。1843--1844年这一段时期,马克思关于人的存在思想的基调已经 由黑格尔理性主义转向费尔巴哈的人本主义 ,但“现实的人”的思想已经较明确地提出来了。
黑格尔哲学虽然以思辨的理性主义形式解决了人的“现有”与“应有”之间的矛盾,帮助马克思面向现实使其成为一个理性主义的现实批判主义者,但黑格尔并没有解决实际生活中的人的现实与理想矛盾。马克思在对黑格尔法哲学进行批判时,就借用了费尔巴哈人的本质异化的理论。在研究黑格尔法哲学的过程中,马克思发现 ,国家并不像黑格尔认为的那样是普遍利益与特殊利益一致的表现 ,私人利益战胜普遍理性的事实表 明,国家只不过是主体政治异化的表现 ,是普遍利益和特殊利益矛盾冲突的产物。从主体活动的异化和矛盾的冲突来解释国家现象,标志着马克思已在费尔巴哈的影响下开始从人学角度考虑现实问题。那么“现实的人”究竟指什么?在马克思看来,现实的人当然是“自然和精神、肉体和灵魂”的统一体,但就其本质而言“不是人的胡子、血液、抽象的肉体本性 ,而是人的社会特质,而国家的职能等等只不过是人的社会特质的存在和活动方式”。他同时指出,应当把“人的存在的这些社会形式”如家庭、市民社会、国家等等看 作人的本质的实现,“看作人本质的客体化;” 应当把“人 的活动”“作为家庭和市民社会的成员而存在的那些群体”看作 国家等社会组织的基础,而不是像黑格尔所做的那样,于是人与社会的关系应当是“人永远是一切社会组织的本质,但是这些组织也表现人的现实普遍性,因而是一切人所共有的”。 “因此马克思看到,现实的人并不是单个人的存在 ,而是社会的存在,即类存在——人也 只有在 自己的类存在 中,只有作为人们 ,才能是人格的现实理念。
就这样马克思的早期人学理论以现实 的人为出发点展开了。从现实的人 出发,“而且一刻也不离开这种前提”,这正好体现了逻辑与现实的统一 ,逻辑与历史的统一。如果说有一个完整的体系的话,那么它的理论必然是这样一个无限展开的形式:以现实的人为出发点的序言——以现实的人为核心所展开的论证—— 以现实的人的解放为最终归宿的结论。它坚决鄙弃一切宿命论,把现实的人当作历史的主体,当作历史的“尉中人物和剧作者”,从而打开了历史奥秘的大门。
二、“现实的人”思想的发展
马克思人学理论创建的进一步发展,体现在《1844年经济学哲学手稿》的异化劳动学说中。马克思认为人的本质只有从人的活动 中才能确证,要研究人就要研究人的活动本性 ,而人的活动则是自由自觉的 ,所谓 自由 自觉的活动,就是指人 的合规律性与合 目的性的活动相统一的活动,就是主体按照 自身的需要、价值取向以及对于客体属性规律性认识所构成的目的而进行的感性物质活动。这种感性的物质活动,就是人的对象性活动,在哲学意义上这种对象性活动就是劳动。
马克思在《1844年经济学哲学手稿》中指出,劳动是人的本质。但马克思对人之劳动本质的揭示并不是直接的,而是从劳动的否定形式——异化劳动开始的。马克思首先从当时的经济事实出发进行分析 ,把造成资本 主义社会工人 日益贫 困化 ,造成工人与产品对立的原 因归结为异化劳动。“如果工人不是在生产行为本身 中使 自身异化,那么工人活动的产品怎么会作为相异的东西同工人对立呢?产品不过是活动、生产的总结。因此,如果劳动的产品是外化的,那么生产本身必然是能动的外化,或活动的外化,外化的活动。在劳动对象的异化中不过总结了劳动活动本身的异化、外化。”经过这一番分析,马克思不仅揭示出工人贫困的原因是异化劳动,而且提示出在资本主义社会中的异化劳动不是人的真正本质。既然人的本质不是异化劳动,那就应该是劳动。所以,劳动不仅创造了人,而且使人的生产活动有别于动物的生产,使人在保持自然性的同时,又具有了社会性、能动性 。劳动是人的生命活动的方式和内容,是人的本质,“人的类特性恰恰就是自由的自觉的活动”。
在资本主义条件下,“劳动对工人来说是外在的东西,也就是说,不属于他的本质:因此,他在 自己的劳动中不是肯定 自己,而是否定 自己,不是感到幸福而是感到不幸,不是自由地发挥 自己的体力和智力 ,而是使 自己的肉体受折磨精神遭摧残”。因此,他的劳动不是 自愿的劳动 ,而是被迫的强制劳动。也就是说,异化劳动是对人本质的摧残和否定——异化劳动阶段是人的发展的否定阶段。异化劳动使工人从劳动的主体变成了客体,使劳动丧失了自主性,使工人沦为机器,劳动成为工人的沉重负担。异化劳动是对人本质的摧残和否定,所以,要达到人的全面发展就必须实现否定之否定,实现从非人到人的复归。要达到人的本质的复归,就必须扬弃私有财产。“对私有财产的积极的扬弃,作为对人的生命的占有,是一切异化的积极的扬弃,从而是人从宗教、家庭、国家等等向自己的人的存在即社会的存在的复归。”扬弃私有财产,就是使人重新占有己经失去的生命活动。这样,在扬弃了一切异化之后,人的生命活动得到肯定和尊重,人获得了本质的复归。
从《1844年经济学哲学手稿》中表述的思想可 以看出,马克思己开始了对人自身活动的分析,并把人的本质归结为“自由自觉的活动”,并以此为基础,从人的本质出发,分析异化劳动的内容和历史发展的过程。从人的现实活动内在本性上去规定人,批判资本主义制度对人性的摧残和异化,这表明了马克思的现实人的理论已得到初步确立。《1844年经济学哲学手稿》表明马克思已转到费尔巴哈的人本主义立场 ,他把劳动规定为人的本质,根据人的本质——人的本质的异化——人的本质的复归的思维逻辑模式来解释人类社会的发展。
三、“现实的人”思想的最终形成
真正标志着马克思“现实人”思想成熟的著作是《德意志意识形态》,马克思在这里对“现实的人”作了第一次科学的较全面地阐述。在《德意志意识形态》中,马克思的人学思想是围绕着“人是什么样的人”而展开论述的。人不是抽象的人,而是现实的人,现实的人是全部人类历史的第一个前提,也是马克思人学理论的出发点。
(一 )“现实的人 ”的含 义
所谓“现实的人”,是指在一定社会关系中从事物质生产活动的人。首先 ,“现实的人”是有血有肉、有生命的人。“全部人类历史的第一个前提无疑是有生命 的个人的存在。因此 ,第一个需要确认 的事实就是这些个人的肉体组织以及由此产生的个人对其他自然的关系。”在这里,马克思从历史前提的高度肯定了人的自然存在的意义。人首先是肉体的存在、自然的生命 ,正是这种特殊的自然生命又蕴含着人类全部历史发展演变的基因。其次,“现实的人”是从事物质生产活动的人——这是“现实的人”的最基本的规定性。人是从事活动、进行物质生产的,因而是在一定的物质的、不受他们任意支配的界限、前提和条件下活动着的。人们的存在就是他们的现实生活过程。最后,“现实的人”是处于一定的社会关系和政治关系中的人,历史发展过程中的物质生产关系是现实的人的所有其它规定性的基础。生产一方面表现为自然关系。另一方面是表现为社会关系。这就是说,在生产过程中必然发生与一定的生产力相适应的人与人之间的社会关系,并在此基础上形成经济关系、政治关系等等。
(二)“现实的人”的历史作用
马克思早期的人学理论最大的价值就在于它把实践引入到历史观,去解决社会问题和人的本质,奠定了人或人的实践活动在哲学中的核心位置,开创了真正的人学理论,实现了哲学的伟大变革。
在《德意志意识形态》的论述中,马克思把人当作实践的能动的人来理解,就必然要承认人的存在是全部历史发展中的第一个前提。因为人是处在现实生活中,进行现实的生命活动的现实的人,即现实地存在着的实践的个人,他从事的是人的实践活动,而这种活动必然在历史的发展中起到重要的作用。首先,实践活动中现实的人的存在成为全部历史发展的起点。一旦这种个人存在和活动时,即“一旦人们自己开始生产他们所必需的生活资料的时候 …他们就开始把自己和动物区别开来”“ 而成其为人,因而“任何历史记载都应当从这些自然基础以及他们在历史进程中由于人们的活动而发生的变更出发”。“其次,实践活动中现实的人的存在和生成演化出全部人类历史。个人生产生活资料 的方式在更大程度上是这些个人的一定的生活方式,以一定的方式进行生产活动的个人,发生一定的社会关 系和政治关系,社会结构和国家经常从一定个人 的生活过程 中产生。由此演化 出全部人类历史。最后,实践活动中现实的人的存在产生和构造出人类的精神世界。“观念、思维、人们的精神交往在这里还是人们物质关系的直接产物”。“人们是自己的观念、思想等等的生产者,但这里所说的人们是现实的、从事活动的人们 ,……意识在任何时候都只能是被意识到了的存在,而人们的存在就是他们的实际生活过程。” “ 由此可见,个人,实践活动中现实的人的存在乃是全部人类历史活动及其发展中第一性的东西 。
在《德意志意识形态》的论述中,马克思不再像以往那样,抽象地谈人的类存在,更不像 唯心论者那样谈论想象中的人,而是把人理解为“可用纯粹经验的方法来确定”的“有生命的个人的存在”和“从事活动的人们”,即“现实的人”。马克思通过对现实人的理解 ,从宏观的角度描述了总体性的实践的历史运动过程 ,从而给人类解放的理论提供了总体的基本说明。《德意志意识形态》的人学理论是以唯物史观为基础 ,他的形成是人类思想史上的革命性变革,它实现了从唯心主义人本学到唯物主义人学的根本转变,实现了人学研究对象的根本变革。
马克思的人学理论以“现实的人”为出发点,把“现实的人”当作历史的主体。在他早期的著作中对“现实的人”论述把人从思辨抽象性的人和自然性的人中解放 出来 ,真正赋予了人 以现实本性 ,实现了人本质的复归。现实人的理论是马克思早期哲学的中心点 ,把握这一点 ,就理解了马克思哲学革命的实质。
参考文献
关键词:固体废弃物;新兴产业;以废治废;资源化利用
马鞍山慈湖高新技术产业开发区在马鞍山生态市建设中发挥着举足轻重的作用,农业区每年产生大量的秸秆废弃物,秸秆固化燃料产业的原料非常丰富,农业秸秆燃料规模化利用产业亟待发展。同时,工业固体废弃物钛石膏生产水泥缓凝剂的干化处理过程需大量的煤炭、天然气等燃料提供热量,利用秸秆替代化石燃料,发展农业固废处理工业固废的新兴产业,符合国家对生物质能源开发利用和节约资源、保护环境的政策,潜藏着巨大的商机。
一、农业秸秆固废综合利用产业发展潜力
农作物秸秆是生物质燃料,已成为仅次于煤炭、石油、天然气的第四大能源,是清洁的可再生能源。2013年,马鞍山各类农作物秸秆产生总量为150.9万吨,综合利用量85万吨,综合利用率56.3%,其中,还田占21.3%,能源化利用占25.3%。在国家和地方各级政府的积极推动下,马鞍山市秸秆综合利用产业发展迅速,一批秸秆直燃发电、秸秆固化成型燃料、秸秆人造板、秸秆沼气、秸秆气化等项目陆续上马。其中,秸秆固化成型燃料工艺简单,农业秸秆被粉碎后,机械压制成颗粒状或者棒(块)状,比重增大、体积便小,储存和运输方便,热值可达3200千卡-5500千卡/公斤,可有效替代原煤、天然气等化石燃料,用于取暖、炉灶、锅炉、发电等。
发展秸秆固化成型燃料产业前景看好,假如每年处理利用30万吨秸秆(相当于15万吨标准煤),将使马鞍山的秸秆综合利用率从56.3%提高到76.2%,提升近20个百分点。相比燃煤,秸秆燃料可减少70%的CO2排放、90%的SO2排放,环境效益显著。安徽省政府对农作物秸秆利用企业进行专项财政奖补,利用水稻、小麦、其它农作物秸秆每吨分别补贴50元、40元、30元,马鞍山市政府也制定了系列财政奖补政策,对秸秆压块机、破碎机、打包机等设备购置给予一次性补贴,对场地征用、架设电力线路等费用给予补贴,对企业实行税费减免等。每亩农田夏秋两季产生秸秆约1吨,收购价格为0.08元/斤,每亩增加收入160元,即解决了秸秆堆放问题又创造了经济效益。总体看,马鞍山市秸秆规模化、工业化、多元化产业发展格局已初现端倪,产业链逐步丰富。
二、工业钛石膏固废综合利用产业发展潜力
慈湖高新区的安徽金星钛白(集团)有限公司是国内最大的钛白粉生产企业之一,采用硫酸法生产钛白粉,2014年,预计副产钛石膏150万吨(含水率40%-45%),公司为每吨钛石膏支付20元左右的处理费用,泥状钛石膏大部分被堆放处置,资源化利用率较低,已经成为当地工业固废处置的难题。马鞍山钛石膏历史堆放量较大,粗略估计有360万吨以上。钛石膏的大量排放即占用土地、污染环境又给企业带来了繁重的经济负担,钛石膏的资源化利用已经成为钛白粉产业实现可持续发展的关键环节。“十二五”末期,我国钛石膏产生量将达2000万吨-3000万吨/年,目前,钛石膏综合利用产业处于起步阶段,仅有少量用于复合胶结材料和外加剂,发展钛石膏综合利用产业,空间广阔。2014年,国家有关部委将出台《钛白粉行业准入条件(修订版)》和《钛白粉工业污染防治技术政策》,将在清洁生产、大气污染防治、水污染防治、固体废物处置及综合利用等方面提出要求。
钛石膏可以替代天然石膏用于生产水泥缓凝剂、石膏板、石膏砌块、纸面石膏板、粉刷石膏、石膏腻子、石膏晶须、高强石膏等,其中生产水泥缓凝剂的工艺最为简单,且产品市场需求量巨大,可迅速破解钛石膏综合利用难题。慈湖高新区在建设国家级资源综合利用示范区和国家级园区循环经济示范区的过程中,将实施一系列鼓励政策,引进一批钛石膏利用项目。将泥状钛石膏晾晒风干,使含水率从40%-45%降至30%,再烘干至15%-20%,可直接作为水泥缓凝剂。2013年,马鞍山市水泥产量为1364.19万吨,用钛石膏作水泥缓凝剂,掺入量为4%-7%,可消纳钛石膏54.57%-95.49万吨,用做水泥缓凝剂的钛石膏市场价格为50元-80元/吨,经济效益明显。我国天然石膏资源储量相对不足,开发利用工业副产品石膏意义重大。随着资源综合利用产业共性关键技术的突破,钛石膏干化处理成本将进一步降低,钛石膏资源化利用产业将向多元化方向发展。
三、产业发展客观条件完备
马鞍山市位于安徽省最东部,是安徽省融入长三角、推进东向发展和承接长三角城市向内地延伸的重要门户,享有“长三角发展战略”、“长江经济带发展战略”、“中部崛起战略”和“皖江城市带战略”四轮战略驱动机遇。2013年3月,被国务院定位为老工业基地,同年12月被国务院列入资源型城市名单,成为资源型城市转变经济发展方式的先行区,目前,正致力于推进老工业城市调整改造、转型升级。马鞍山市的陆路、水路、航空交通发达,水、电、天然气、蒸汽资源丰富,公共基础设施、服务设施完备,已全面启动建设产业废物资源化利用科技支撑体系、政产学研用相结合的工业经济技术创新体系和信息技术服务平台等。随着《马鞍山生态市创建行动计划(2014-2020年)》的实施,现有工业体系将加快产业转型升级,循环经济和资源综合利用产业将面临重大发展机遇。
[关键词]重型荨麻疹;护理干预;效果
[中图分类号]R47
[文献标识码]A
[文章编号]1674-0742(2015)07(c)-0132-03
麻疹是由麻疹病毒引起的传染性很强的呼吸道传染疾病,临床症状主要有咳嗽、发热、口腔麻疹黏膜斑、结膜炎、流涕等,如果治疗不及时,则会出现肾、肝及心肌损害等严重并发症,给患者的健康及生命安全造成严重威胁。该院近年来对成人重型麻疹患者在治疗的基础上加用综合性护理干预,取得良好效果,现报道如下
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
整群选取该院于2013年1月-2013年12月收治的110例成人重型麻疹患者,均符合参考文献翻中关于麻疹的诊断标准,纳入标准①患者均存在麻疹的临床症状;②治疗前一个月内未服用过糖皮质激素、抗组胺药物及其他免疫调节剂治疗。排除标准:①合并有心、肝、肾等严重器官疾病;②哺乳期及妊娠期妇女;③合并有精神症状者;④治疗依从性较差者。将患者按照就诊顺序随机分为对照组和观察组,观察组55例,其中男32例,女23例;年龄为24~55岁,平均年龄为(31.4±6.4)岁;体温为(39.8+2.6)℃;病程为1~7个月,平均病程为(5.4±1.3)个月。对照组55例患者,其中男35例,女20例;年龄为21~50岁,平均年龄为(32.6±5.8)岁;体温为(39.6+3.1)℃;病程为1~9个月,平均病程为(5.8±1.6)个月,两组患者在性别、年龄等一般资料方面比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),有可比性。
1.2 方法
对照组患者入院接受基础护理,方法如下:①心理护理成人重型麻疹患者因为皮疹多、病情严重,加上患者担心皮疹会遗留瘢痕影响美观及传染给他人等,容易出现烦躁、情绪不稳、焦躁等负面情绪,从而影响治疗。护理人员在患者入院后应同患者进行有效交流,了解患者的心理特点,缓解患者的焦虑、恐惧等负面情绪,提高患者战胜疾病的信心。对患者开展健康教育,提高患者对麻疹的认识,提高患者的治疗依从性。②呼吸道隔离护理。在患者隔离至出疹后5d,将其安置于单独病房,保持病房安静、空气流通及适宜的湿度与温度,温度应在18℃~20℃的范围内,湿度应为50%~60%左右。注意定期对病房进行湿性清洁,每天以含氯消毒液对地面进行清洁,对物品表面进行擦拭消毒。因为患者怕光,应在室内安装深色窗帘,每天以紫外线消毒一次。加强对探视人员及陪护人员的管理,嘱易感者不要接触患者。
观察组患者在常规护理的基础上接受综合护理干预,详细方法如下
①口腔护理嘱患者每天以2%的苏打水或者生理盐水漱口,3~4次/d,对唇干患者应涂抹甘油或石蜡油,对口腔溃疡者,以冰硼散外敷,进食之后应以温水漱口保持口腔清洁。注意观察患者的口腔黏膜是否出现破损,一旦出现,应立刻进行相应处理。
②高热护理患者从出疹开始,往往会出现高热,体温会在39CC以上,且持续不退,护理人员应通过温水擦浴、冷毛巾敷头等方法给患者降温,切忌冷敷或用酒精擦浴,体温过低会影响m疹。对患者的体温定期检查,并做好记录。
③眼部护理每天以生理盐水洗脸,2~3次/d。清晰之后以阿昔洛韦眼液滴眼治疗,嘱患者闭眼休息。嘱畏光或视力模糊者多视绿色植物,口服维生素A。
④皮疹护理在出疹期间,患者会出现全身燥热症状,部分患者会存在疼痛明显或痒感明显症状,嘱患者切忌用手抓挠,以免感染。护理人员可通过炉甘石洗剂涂抹,能够起到显著的止痒效果,嘱患者注意保持皮肤清洁。
1.3 观察指标
①2周后以参考文献标准对患者的治疗效果进行评价治愈瘙痒症状完全消失,皮损完全消退,2周以后无复发;显效瘙痒症状基本消失,2周后偶有复发;有效瘙痒症状有所缓解,复发次数减少;无效未达到有效标准。治疗有效率=(治愈+显效+有效)/小组人数。②以该院自制问卷实施护理满意度的调查对患者,总分为100分,根据得分情况分为十分满意得分在85分以上:一般满意得分在60~85分:不满意得分低于60分,护理满意度=(十分满意+一般满意)/小组人数。
1.4 统计方法
采用SPSS 22.0统计学软件对所得数据进行分析,计数资料采用X2检验,并用例数百分比的形式表示,差异有统计学意义(P
2 结果
2.1 比较两组治疗有效率
观察组的治疗总有效率高达94.55%.对照组仅仅为76.36%.观察组的治疗有效率铭心啊优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P
2.2 护理满意度
观察组的护理满意度为92.73%,对照组的护理满意度为78.18%.观察组的护理满意度明显优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P
3 讨论
Key words:course book evaluation business English
1 Introduction
There are different sets of criteria for the evaluation of business English materials, but they could be categorized into the following five broad issues upon which we base our judgments as to what makes a set of good and appropriate materials. They are: learners, learning, language, teachability and "authenticity". There could be many and varied questions pondered upon in examining our course books and materials surrounding the broad issues, especially the first three ones. For the first issue of learners, we will ask questions like " who are the intended learners for the materials?", "Are the material suitable for this group of learners as the writer claims?". That means we should take into consideration learners' levels, needs, knowledge, cultural background, age and so on. The second issue concerned with material is writers' theories, hypothesis about learning and teaching. In identifying if the materials are desirable or not, we could ask: what attitudes to or expectations about learning English are the materials based on? What learning and teaching techniques can be used with the materials? Does the organization of the units or the content within a unit facilitate the teaching and learning process? Do the activities encourage skill mastery? In terms of the third issue――language, we can look at the range of language and areas covered in the materials and especially examine the writers' assumption about language description. In my analysis of the course book First insights into Business English by Sue Robbins1 ( 2000 ), I intend to give brief yet comprehensive evaluation of the whole course book and a detailed analysis of some individual units all based on criteria surrounding these three principal issues. The three main issues are, to a great extent, related to one another.
2 Targeted Learners and Material Appropriateness
The question raised here is whether the book provides the targeted learners suitable and appropriate materials as a whole. In the introduction part, the book claims it is "a course for students of business English at pre-intermediate to intermediate level." The book, in fact, is suitable in terms of language and most of the subject matter for pre-experience learners of business English who have no company experience and yet who have this level of English and limited knowledge of business related topics. The language focus in the book is on relatively simple language points: from simple present tenses to present perfect, from verb forms to pronunciation such as linkage, sentence stress and weak forms. The range and level of lexical items dealt with are also relevant to the needs and levels of the learners. Although some authentic material presents the learners with some difficult points, but the tasks are made easy to handle. The subject matter areas are concerned with general business contexts possibly related to their future business needs. There are topics of broad range, such as customers, companies, retailing, finance, etc., to name a few. Along with these topics, important communicative skills required in their jobs are presented and practice. The four basic language skills of writing, speaking, reading and listening are practiced through concrete tasks in business contexts: for example, report and CV writing, giving business advice, presenting products, interviewing, reading company profiles, listening to financial details of a company's profit and loss. More in-depth look will be given in the following paragraphs.
3 Organization of the Material
Then, the second question needs addressing is to what extent the organization the book meets both the learning needs and teaching needs. The organization of the content throughout the book is clear, systematic and coherent. The book helps learners to study on their own with table of contents clearly stated and laid out on the first page categorizing the language areas and the skills and topics areas. Learners are further assisted in their self-study with communicative activities, grammar reference, word list and tape scripts included in the students' book at the end. There is a review unit after every three units to help learners to test and consolidate what is learned in the previous three units and the teacher can use the unit to test out both the learners' performance in their learning process as well as the teaching effectiveness.
The twelve units are presented by a combination of the means: each unit deals with a different topic covering related business content, some aspect of language structures and content related vocabulary and skills areas. Each unit has the same key elements: key vocabulary, lead-in, language focus and practice, pronunciation, writing, reading, listening, vocabulary, cross-cultural comparison, business communication and final task. This offers readers opportunity to select their own preferred units for their own respective purposes and clear ideas about the objectives of each section of the lesson and the tasks. It also gives one a sense of progression and achievement.
The sequence of the book is arranged according to the degree of difficulty in the structures mainly, with some consideration to the levels of difficulty in language and communication skill. Through comparing the language aspect of unit one with that in unit eleven, the reader can see this kind of endeavor by the text author. In unit one for example, the language focus is on direct question and indirect questions forms and how to pronounce weak and strong forms of /dje/ and /du:/ while unit eleven has its focus on conditional sentences which is more complicated in structure.
4 Meeting the General Criteria of Course Design
The third issue needs addressing here is: how far does the book meet the general standard of course design within its units? The overall structure within the units follows similar patterns and includes all the main elements mentioned above. The organization of the elements is coherent and thus facilitates language learning and teaching. Besides, the exercises and readings evolve around a fixed theme and grammatical structures. The comprehensive coverage of language points and theme- related materials and communicative skills well prepare business students for their future career in business. The basic approach to the language learning in the design of the exercises is communicative, task-based and learner-centered, although the core syllabus is structural which stresses the rules of grammar, vocabulary and sentence structure.
Each unit begins with a brief preview of the main sections, which practically serve as statement of objectives for the lesson. This helps to guide the teacher and learner towards these objectives through their lesson. "Key vocabulary" first gives information in a short reading passage on the unit topic in which important vocabulary related to the theme is printed in bold to assist the learner. In this way, learners are exposed to both the subject area and lexical items. The passages in the units are concise and pitched at the right language level and informative in business content. "Leadin" precedes "cross -culture comparison". Each unit is slightly different for the tasks in "lead- in". It usually has reading material covering the theme of the unit and the tasks require the use of the relevant vocabulary learned in the previous reading. The section aims to increase learners' interest in the topic and their knowledge in the areas of language and content. "Cross -cultural comparison" reflects the acknowledgement of different learners' personal experience and cultural background. Moreover, it provides good opportunities to practice their communicative skills in the exchange of opinions among learners. "Language focus", as stated in its teacher's book, "follows a grammatical syllabus chosen especially to suit the needs of pre-intermediate to intermediate students" (Robbins 2000:7). It presents in every unit grammatical points in topic related business contexts. The writer's assumption about language learning is obvious here: the mastery of basic grammatical rules is a prerequisite for further progress in business English learning. The tasks in this part often require the practice of grammar in the context of communicative activities. Information gap filling and discussion are the most common types in the units. This enables learners to practice and learn grammar by active interaction with content-based materials and interesting tasks. "Pronunciation practice" is matched to the theme with related vocabulary and sentences. This in effect recycles the key vocabulary. If this part used the short reading passage in the "key vocabulary section, it would be a better review and recycling of the content and language. What is worth recommending here is its use of inductive approach to presenting grammar? After the presentation of the grammar in the readings and tasks, students are asked to deduce grammar rules from the presentation. This encourages learners to be active thinkers and responsible for their learning, instead of being passive receivers of formulas and rules from the teachers. There are "grammar reference' on page 150 in the students' book. In "language practice' section, the learned structures are practiced in business content again. The guided practice tasks are followed by less controlled communicative and contentbased ones. The other sections are "writing", "reading", "listening". They are not always presented in exactly the same order and length. The wiring is progressed gradually according to learners' language level, starting from simple tasks in unit one of identifying and using correct articles to the wholesome task of writing curriculum vitae for a job in the final unit. Authentic material is given in "reading" and "listening" to prepare learners for tackling similar readings and listening in their career. They cover relevant content areas and language points, but a little above the level of pre-intermediate to intermediate learners. The writer's choice of authentic, relatively difficult material enables learners to develop effective strategies such as guessing and deducing from context, neglecting unimportant words, applying existing knowledge, etc. The "vocabulary" section usually takes a systematic look at the formation of words, collocation, synonyms, compounds nouns and adjectives. Again, it is quite suitable for learners at this language level.
"Business communication" and "final task" are designed to let learners apply their comprehensive language competence and knowledge of business acquired in the units to practical business tasks. The tasks are mostly in oral form, such as presenting information, interviewing. This offers opportunity for "recycling" of the skills and language points learned and test both teachers and students their achievement and performance.
A detailed look at some aspects in unit two is necessary to see the writer's attitudes and approaches towards language learning and teaching methodology.
Unit two "company", like the other units, develops around the business related topics as indicated by the title. It begins with a brief overview of the four main sections as a clear guidance to the content to be presented. Then "key vocabulary" presents a short passage, which is a simple definition of companies in general. The passage together with a taped version of the passage not only introduces the company theme of the unit, but also the key lexical items such as "buying", "selling", "marketing", information technology", "telecommunications". They will be used for the immediate tasks. As could be seen form the material, the writer uses simple vocabulary at this stage. The "lead-in" next stimulates the learners' interest in the topic and language itself with concrete tasks. The identification of the three famous companies in the photos leads to the activity of matching the correct company logo with its business activities. The task is easy but provides enough information and fun. The third part of "lead-in" demands group work to discuss answers to the questions concerning big companies like Coco- Cola and BMW. At this stage, learners' interest may well be aroused and through the interactions with classmates, they can use the vocabulary just learned in the short passage. What's more, their knowledge of the business can be tested. The companies introduced here are famous and influential businesses in the world which ensures the content is of value and interest to students.
The "language focus" in the book all introduces grammar suitable to this level of learners. This unit is about presenting simple and present continuous tenses. The advertisement is used as a context to practice reading comprehension, increase awareness of the correct structures and provide business information. The material is explored to the full by setting up both oral task and gap-filling tasks. After completing the tasks, learners are asked to answer questions related to grammatical rules in business situations. At page bottom, learners are clearly guided to the grammar reference page. This, as stated above, reflects the advocacy of autonomous learning. The language practice part first presents two pictures relating to two businesses: one is pharmaceutical company and the other is cable operator. Vocabulary is given at this point to assist learners to decide "what does each company do". Then they listen to a business analyst who gives information about the companies. They are to fill in the table using present simple and present continuous structures and vocabulary related to the unit. There listening and writing skills are integrated. The reading skill is practice in the next section. The text is an advertisement of Financial Times Group's business graduate trainee program. The authentic nature of the material is rather a challenge for learners of this level. But the tasks are graded from easy to difficult, from guided and controlled to less controlled and open-ended. The first set of questions is made easy by focusing on the comprehension of the main ideas. Then they are followed by questions testing the comprehension of chief points. The realistic approach to the material itself and to the tasks helps the learners to be close to real work situations and build up learners' confidence. The business communication part involves more integrated skills tasks. In task one, learners are asked to look at a chart of LVMH and answer the questions requiring the use of the grammar just covered. Then they check their work by listening to the tape. Task two proceeds naturally form the previous part, because learners are required to listen to the presentation from the text on LVMH and mark the stressed syllables. Part three forms a coherent part of the whole unit by looking at the company sectors of Edizione Holding and Sony. The exercises are made to resemble real life task by using information gap-filling in pairs. Learners have to look for missing information through using their English in reading, writing, speaking and listening. "Final task" sums up the learning and taps the language and skills learned in the unit and the previous one by asking learners to make presentation on one of the companies. Its checklist reviews both the language points and knowledge of companies.
5 Conclusion
First Insight into Business English is a desirable course book for pre-intermediate to intermediate business English learners. Its strength lies in its clear, logical and coherent organization of content; its comprehensive coverage of materials and skills. The book is also evident in its communicative approach to language learning and teaching. It stands out for its natural integration of structural syllabus with content and task-oriented pedagogies,its cross-cultural awareness, its real life authenticity of materials and step-by step supportive approaches to tasks in terms of degree of difficulty in language and content both inside units and throughout the course, its encouragement of active learning and appropriateness to the level and needs of the learners. The only suggestion for improvement here would be that the teachers' notes be more detailed to assist less experienced teachers to teach the course, and some video materials be provided to further enrich the classroom learning and consolidate the related business concepts.
References:
[1]Ellis, M and Johnson C.Teaching Business English, Oxford: Oxford University Press,1994.
[2]Hutchingson, T and Waters A . English for Specific Purposes, Cambridge: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge,1987.
[3]Reed B and Nolan S .‘ Survey review: two series of Business English materials, ELT Journal,1994,51(4):383-397.
3月17日―18日,在华菱星马汽车集团2014年商务大会召开期间,该公司董事长刘汉如在谈到公司的发展历程时说:“华菱星马品牌是在比较艰苦的环境中发展起来的,从上市到发展自主品牌,我们是步步为营,也步步惊心。虽然艰难,但我们没有放弃,仍然坚持一条路,那就是专心致志发展商用汽车,这也是我们快速发展的原因。在近几年,公司狠抓基础管理,去年迎来恢复性的增长,整体市场实现了50%以上的平均增速,公司软实力也获得巨大提升。在产品质量方面,华菱公司获得安徽省最高质量奖项――省政府质量奖;在产品出口方面,我们的市场也迎来恢复性增长,重点市场板块得以巩固,出口车型也不再单一,同时,我们的海外认证工作都在稳步推进并取得了不错的成效,公司‘出口免验’资格获国家质检总局批准,成为去年马鞍山市唯一一家获出口免验的重卡企业。在产品技术方面,我们的星凯马系列产品荣获安徽省科学技术一等奖,体现了产品技术含量和质量水准。在新产品市场推广方面,我们的汉马动力、天然气产品在全国遍地开花,得到广大用户的称赞和认可。”
经历了4年时间的市场锤炼和汉马动力实现装车以后,星凯马的优越性正逐步显露出来。
一匹骏马横空出世
华菱汽车从做车辆改装起家,2002年开始组建重型车辆厂并于2004年正式投产,在进行第一代车型研发时曾有意与日本三菱公司合作搞技术引进,但就在双方的合作基本成形之时,奔驰突然宣布收购三菱,致使华菱与三菱的合作项目被搁置,“就这样,华菱歪打正着地走上了自主研发之路,现在,国内重卡市场上只有解放、陕汽和华菱仍在坚持自主发展,肩扛着民族重卡品牌的大旗。”
2008年底,华菱决定开发第二代重卡车型,当时中国的重卡市场上欧系重卡最受用户欢迎,因此,华菱决定以欧系车标准作为研发目标。总设计师白云志参与了星凯马车型开发的全部过程,他告诉记者:“星凯马对标欧系车型,主要从标准方面靠拢,欧盟的标准是全世界最严格的,以这样的标准定位该车型的开发,起点就很高。”
为了将星凯马打造成一匹骏马,华菱聘请意大利已有近百年的历史的著名的设计公司――博通对该车型进行造型设计。
那段时间,刘汉如不止一次带领公司研发团队远赴意大利,与博通公司的设计师一同商议星凯马的造型并提出了具体要求:既要兼顾中国人的审美习惯,又要体现出欧洲重卡的粗犷、有力和现代元素。据白云志回忆,博通公司共提交了二三十张效果图,“我们从其中先挑选出一种风格,再经过了几轮筛选和修改之后得出了最终现在这个造型,满足了华菱最初的要求。例如,它侧面的弧线设计,体现的是圆满的含义,使驾驶室具备了流线型的动感,又不失其婉约的一面。”为了使这款车型最大程度上贴近欧洲标准,华菱不仅把星凯马的外观设计工作全部交给了博通的设计师,而且相关的结构设计也交由其完成,也就是说,这款车的外观设计和车辆的结构布置都是由博通做出来的。
首次亮相到正式上市
2008年11月,星凯马在上海车展上亮相,惊艳全场。之后,华菱开始带着这款车到全国各地巡展,最初从市场上反馈回来的评价是外观大气、用户喜爱。2009年4月,星凯马开始接受小批量订单,但在星凯马计划正式上市之前,市场反馈了一些问题:车内的电动车窗无法操作、车辆内饰间隙太大,容易刮伤驾驶员手臂、上下车踏板打滑等诸多缺陷暴露出来。是抓住前期的这批订单让星凯马如期上市?还是暂缓上市对产品进行整改?刘汉如选择了后者。随后,他亲自带领公司团队到各地对用户进行走访,了解车辆在使用过程中存在的更多的问题。接着,华菱进行了多次质量整改讨论会,在接下来5个月的时间里,华菱对星凯马进行了全面的技术整改,2009年11月底,整改完成的星凯马正式上市。
一直在营销第一线的华菱营销公司副总经理高琦回忆道:“星凯马上市后最初先在安徽市场实现销售,主要在蚌埠、阜阳市场比较火爆。这两个城市都有几家大型的运输公司,每家公司都有五六百辆车的规模,每年就要更新七八十台车,这两市的运输公司就成为了星凯马的第一批用户。如果说第一批车完全是靠关系去‘硬推’的话,那么接下来的销售更多的则是靠用户的感受和信赖,有些用户的运输里程达3000多公里,他们对车辆的可靠性要求很高,车辆不能在运输途中发生抛锚等任何故障。还有很多用户都是以车为家,他们对车辆的舒适性要求高,他们中不少都是夫妻一起养车,再请一个驾驶员开车,这部分用户最看重车辆的空间和舒适性。”
据高琦介绍,星凯马的卧铺很宽敞,座椅也有气囊减震功能,另外,车内空间大,有些家庭养车型的用户做饭都在车上,车内的大空间完全迎合了他们的需求。“这款车最大的优势还在它的节油性,据跑长途的用户反映,星凯马较以前用的其他车型每月可节约近5000元的油耗成本。广东的用户给星凯马起了个名字叫‘无人驾驶’车,在2010年的时候,一名卡车驾驶员的工资在5000元左右,星凯马每月省下来的油耗成本正好够雇一名驾驶员的费用,这就是‘无人驾驶’含义的由来。”
目前,星凯马在广东市场具有非常高的知名度,仅深圳市场华菱品牌重卡的年销量就达6000台,其中星凯马占到10%。另外,福建、上海、浙江、江西、湖南、安徽等省市也是华菱的强势市场。2013年,华菱重卡的大本营安徽省共销售华菱重卡1500台以上,其中包括自卸、牵引和载货车型,星凯马在销售中所占比例也越来越高。
整体优异的市场表现令华菱名副其实
细心的用户可能已发现,从2013年开始,华菱在央视投放了广告,广告语很简洁:中国高端重卡领导品牌。从一面世便直接剑指高端,星凯马的实际表现如何呢?
既然是高端重卡,在配置上自有过人之处。星凯马的车身结构,在国内首次采用了全钢笼式骨架,大大增强了驾驶室的抗撞能力;底盘经过了全面升级,在质量和性能上毫不逊色于欧美重卡;前悬架是纵置半椭圆合金钢片弹簧,带液压双向可伸缩筒式具有双向阻尼作用的减振器;后悬架采用新式分体式设计,左右两个平衡轴总成相互独立;上推力杆为V型,两端和固定在车架上的V型推力杆支座相连接,这样设计具有以下优点:降低了车辆满载时的重心高度,增加了稳定性;板簧距的加宽使车辆的横向稳定性更高;驱动桥跳动距离大大增加,当车辆遇到较高或较深的障碍时双桥仍能平衡受载,不易出现一桥悬空零承载而另一桥限位过载的情况等。另外,具有良好横向定位作用的V杆,使驱动桥的横向窜动距离较传统悬架大为减小,也提高了车辆的横向稳定性;特殊设计的板簧压块、板簧和U形螺栓也使整车的可靠性大大提高;另外,星凯马的转向盘内装有安全气囊,具备可视倒车功能,还装配了全天候电加热后视镜。
判断一款车型的好坏仅仅看它的配置是不够的,更重要的是看其实际应用中的表现。我们采访了几位用户,管中窥豹,看看他们对星凯马是如何评价的。
姜雪松是湖北枣阳市的第一个用户,2012年他购入一辆星凯马。由于之前没用过华菱的产品,在选车时,他心里没底,经过多方打听,华菱重卡在枣阳拥有的良好口碑让他决心选择星凯马。姜雪松用这款车跑广东到云南的专线,一趟2500公里左右,当问及对星凯马最满意的地方时,姜雪松毫不犹豫地说是油耗,据他估算,星凯马每跑1公里就会比其他款型车辆省0.2元,一个月至少往返广东、云南3次约7500公里,一年下来,驾驶员的工资就省出来了。并且,星凯马安全性非常好,很适合跑云贵川这样的山路。
来自河南周口的孙家贵是华菱的忠实用户,他已经先后购买了3辆星凯马。孙家贵表示:“身边很多人对我认准同一品牌同一车型集中购买的行为很不理解,但我告诉他们,就冲着这款车的安全性,它值得购买!”2011年7月13日,孙家贵驾驶着他的第一辆星凯马在周口商水县与另一辆卡车正面相撞,当时那辆卡车被撞翻在路旁,驾驶室基本报废,驾驶员受伤,而星凯马驾驶室仅仅挡风玻璃及前保险杠和侧导流罩损坏,驾驶室没有移位,内部基本无损,重要的是驾驶员也没有受伤。后来孙家贵才知道,星凯马驾驶室的钢板比其他产品驾驶室厚20%。事故后,一家修理厂的资深技师在给他的星凯马做简单修复时连连赞叹:“从来没看见过钢板这么厚的驾驶室。”就这样,孙家贵认准了华菱品牌,又买了两辆星凯马。
天津运通货运公司现有3辆星凯马,专门用于运输大件物品,比如风电设备,轻的60多吨,重的100吨以上。谈到选择星凯马的初衷时,该公司车队负责人表示,星凯马动力强劲,非常适合运输大件和在需要经常上山爬坡的用车工况下使用,虽然其他品牌也有大马力的车型,但上山爬坡的时候表现最好的还是星凯马。“在拉着大型设备爬山时,其他车都需要用装载机拖拽,星凯马却可以直接开上去,这一点让很多车老板看后都很满意。”该负责人如是说。
节油、安全、动力强劲,这只是用户选择星凯马的部分理由,整体优异的表现才是他们选择这款车的根本原因,如此看来,星凯马高端的定位名副其实。
汉马动力助华菱腾飞
汉马动力在上市前对外一直处于高度保密状态,据说有部分华菱的员工都不知道公司在研发这款发动机。刘汉如亲自担任项目组组长,带领研发团队开始了长达5年的探索与尝试。刘汉如说:“与星凯马的定位相同,我们发动机的定位也是高端的。汉马动力采用的零部件产品几乎全部来自于德国,缸体、缸盖是德国最好的配套商,蒂森克虏伯的曲轴、德国的连杆、博世的启动机和共轨系统、霍利威尔涡轮增压器,还配备了全世界最好的螺栓。”
据刘汉如介绍,汉马动力经过了严格的高寒、高原、高温测试,到过零下40℃的黑河,还到过温度高达40℃的新疆火焰山、甘肃的敦煌,仅用于实验用的油料成本就达5000万元。“汉马动力的水平可以媲美德国奔驰、曼最新一代的发动机。如缸内制动技术,不仅提升了安全性,而且每年还能为用户创造6万元左右的综合价值。尤其在西南这样坡多的地区,汉马动力在国内率先使用的缸内制动技术大受欢迎。”刘汉如对汉马动力的品质信心十足,且这种信心还体现在他对汉马动力售后服务政策的制定上,汉马动力开创了3年30万公里的国内重卡发动机保修纪录,且“半年之内一旦出现故障,如果不能立即修好,就换新的整机”。这种魄力是建立在产品品质过硬的基础之上的。对于汉马动力的超强性能,刘汉如举了一个例子:在零下40℃的情况下,其他品牌的发动机需要用火烤才能启动,而汉马动力一点火就启动了,冒着白烟,排放出去的都是水蒸气。
As everyone knows that our world view originates in our culture. In every culture we can unavoidably see the shadow of religion. Religion, as Nanda observes, “deals with the nature of life and death, the creation of the universe, the origin of society and groups within the society, the relationship of individuals and groups to one another, and the relation of humankind to nature.” There are numerous kinds of religions in the world and here we just talk over the five major ones that have lasting traditions for centuries, influenced on and gained respect from millions of people. They are Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism. In the following part, we will discuss some aspects of them.
2 Five Religious Concepts
Christianity:(from the Ancient Greek ■, Khristos, “Christ”, means “anointed one”) is a monotheistic religion based on the life and teaching of Jesus as presented in canonical gospels and other New Testament writings. Believers of the Christian are called Christians.
Judaism: is the “religion, philosophy, and way of life” of the Jewish people. Originating in the Hebrew Bible(also known as the Tanakh) and explored in later texts such as the Talmud, it is considered by Jews to be the expression of the covenantal relationship God developed with the Children of Israel.
Islam: it’s one of the major world religion founded by Muhammad in Arabia in the early 7th century AD. The Arabic word Islam means “submission”―submission to the will of the one God, called Allah in Arabic. It’s a strictly monotheistic religion, and its believers, called Muslims.
Hinduism: is the predominant religious tradition of South Asia. Hinduism is often referred to as Sanātana Dharma(a Sanskrit phrase meaning “the eternal law”) by its adherents.
Buddhism: a religion and philosophy encompassing a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices, largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as the Buddha (Pāli/Sanskrit “the awakened one”).
3 Five Religious Clarifications and Its link with People’s Behavior
We should keep in mind three points before discussing the major religions of the world:(1)Everyone has his world view, even the person who does not believe in God. That is to say, religion is only a kind of world view;(2)It is difficult to draw a line between religion and a subtle manifestation of religion. Someone may call religion another might call philosophy.(3)Our goal is to illustrate some aspects of religious clarifications and its influences on people’s behavior.
Christianity: They believe in a God who is manifest in the Trinity of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.
Examples of the link between religion, perception, and behavior:
They believe strongly in organized worship to proclaiming God’s message--they have a keen of social activities, they may participate a lot of religious clubs and associations beyond their family unit.
They believe it is the God who created human beings and gave them the power to dominate the nature--they are future-dominated people and possess the spirit of exploration.
They believe “The central ethic Jesus taught was love”--they try to make charitable contributions by playing the “world police” role to improve the lives of other countries.
Judaism: They believe that God’s providence extends to all people, they also hold to the notion God entered into this special covenant with them so that they could carry God’s message by example.
Examples of the link between religion, perception, and behavior:
They believe they are God’s “chosen people”--they reserve their beliefs even go through sufferings such as Holocaust.
They believe learning is the power and obligation that given by God--As long ago as the first century, Jews had a system of compulsory education.
The Ten Commandments weigh a lot in their life--they can’t relieve the suffering when they betray the Ten Commandments but to obey and bear it.
Islam: They accept that Muhammad was the heir to the religious mantle passed down by the prophets of the Bible. Their god Allah spoke to human beings many times in toe past and concerned with establishing a new social order as well as delivering a religious message.
Examples of the link between religion, perception, and behavior:
The wisdom of the Koran claims that religion is the whole of life--they taught Islam to everyone from the time when he was born.
They believe they should submit to the will of Allah--they pray five times a day to show their submit.
They should show their devotion to Allah--Everyone should try his best to make a pilgrimage to Mecca in his lifetime.
Hinduism: The material world is not the only reality. There are other realities that reveal the true nature of life, the mind, and the spirit.
Examples of the link between religion, perception, and behavior:
They believe that the world is so fantastic that every creature is governed by a god --they treat animals such as monkeys and cattle kindly to show their respectful towards that god.
They believe that satisfaction in the material and physical world might gratify us, but finally they will “wear out”--they spend much of their lives to experience Nirvana in search of realms.
They believe in various paths can adapt to diverse needs--they have distinct spiritual paths such as jnanayoga, bhkti yoga, karma, and rajayoga.
Buddhism: They believe that life, for a host of reasons, is suffering.
Examples of the link between religion, perception, and behavior:
They believe there is a life after death--they do not kill animals.
They believe that life is dukka(suffering)--they try to seek the causes of their suffering while enduring them.
They believe the impermanent nature of all things both good and bad, which are always changing--they believe in karma.
4 Conclusion
From the above we can see that religion not only reflects our world view, but also influences our conduction. Therefore we should keep an open mind when concerning people’s perception and behavior.
【References】
[1]Cao Xianghong.(2010). An Introduction to Intercultural Communication[M]. Beijing: Science Press.
Keywords: writing teaching; primary calligraphy education; traditional writing skill inheritance; new curriculum reform focus;
0 Introduction
In current world, globalization and informationization development lead to the violent collision of Chinese and foreign culture. Chinese characters are used as the essence of Chinese civilization for thousands of years, which is the only used hieroglyphics in the world. It is different from English phongraphy stroke, which is more concise, and the identification is also more convenient. Chinese characters are used as complicated hieroglyphs, and the writing mistakes will lead to text itself, influencing the written ideographic accuracy. So for a long time, the education circle is focusing more on writing education. But in the long-term exam-oriented education background, college entrance examination has become the students’ focus, but the writing aspect is ignored. For the lack of Chinese character writing education aspect, it gradually causes the focus of education circle and society. In recent years, schools begin to strengthen the writing education, and the nation begins to give high support, including CCTV and other media to hold national character writing competition, which has positive role in writing education promotion.
1. The Significance of Calligraphy Education
1.1 Calligraphy Writing
The Chinese character writing is a basic skill, and the calligraphy is formed at the beginning of Chinese writing. When the ancient people consider it from practical angle, they have not considered calligraphy as an art. Now, the actual function of calligraphy and writing gradually weakens, the calligraphy attribute begins to take art as the main part.
Writing contains calligraphy, which is generally divided into: writing and calligraphy. Writing is mainly for accurately conveying written expression and rapidly recording, and the aesthetics is secondary. The narrow calligraphy is mainly aesthetics and arts, taking written expression conveying as the secondary. This paper analyzes the calligraphy education, which refers to calligraphy in vast meaning. It also includes practical writing and artistic calligraphy. In the following article, the practicality and art are no longer distinguished, so the mentioned calligraphy is general calligraphy.
From education angle, the general calligraphy education includes artistic cultivation calligraphy professional education, but also includes practical writing education.
1.2 The Meaning of Primary School Students’ Learning Calligraphy
In fact, when conducting calligraphy education for primary school students, the two aspects in general calligraphy have their own unique important meaning, which needs educators’ careful consideration.
Practical Calligraphy Education. The unique pictography of Chinese character stroke should need long time practice to have neat writing. The pupils are in the key stage of cultivating and practicing neat writing.
Art Calligraphy Aspect. Chinese characters develop for thousands of years, and many calligraphers create many characters from aesthetics angle, and the artistic calligraphy meaning is in fact the mold of traditional culture and personal accomplishment and character precipitation. Ancient Wang Xian’s calligraphy writes as much as 18 cylinders of water, and he writes a good writing and he has perseverance and he keeps on carving quality.
2. New Curriculum Reform Overview
Entering new century, the education in the world is making great reform with the rapid development of era. Chinese traditional exam-oriented education has many disadvantages.
2.1 New Curriculum Reform Goal
Basic education is related with national future and national destiny. After the founding of new China, it implements seven basic education curriculum reform and obtains great achievement. It has an important role in the aspect of politics, economy, science and culture. But, the basic education status is still not ideal. The fixed exam-oriented knowledge education is the main problem, which has not obtained fundamental change, and completely cultivating and improving students’ quality effect is not ideal.
2.2 New Curriculum Reform Concept and Focus
2.2.1 New Curriculum Reform Concept
The core of new curriculum reform concept is to promote the overall development of students. Taking students’ comprehensive quality development is the key to new curriculum reform. Through concerning each student’s emotion, ideology, emotion and personality, it makes learning become the students’ life experience and it can help them to establish correct and personalized life view, world view and value views, making it become the high-quality talents with responsibility.
2.2.2 New Curriculum Reform Focus
1) Reform Curriculum Function. It changes from teaching function teaching knowledge to leading students to learn methods, learning to be and learning to survive.
2) Reform Course Structure. In the course configuration, it should implement teaching content according to students’ experience. It should combine learning and social practice, to teach students in accordance with their aptitude, making students’ learning interest rise and making students have lifelong benefit.
3) Conducting Innovation for Course Education Mode. It changes the previous teaching mode in teaching, encouraging students to actively participate, practice and cultivate students to collect information and analyze and solve problem, which advocates students and teachers to strengthen the communication and cultivate students’ teamwork spirit.
3. Primary School Calligraphy Education Status
At present, most primary schools promote the calligraphy education mode in China, and this also focuses on narrow art calligraphy education mode, especially the normal colleges, the art calligraphy education performance achievement is much more than the actual writing education achievement. The calligraphy education of the two aspects has some problems:
1)Arts Education Trend. The current art education belongs to calligraphy education mode. In fact, it is not only calligraphy, but also all kinds of talent education obtains the favor of primary school parents.
2)Writing Teaching Aspect. Most primary school teaching management has no evaluation standard and assessment for teachers’ writing teaching. The teachers will not input time into students’ professional writing education.
Also experts point out that the frequent use of computer leads to students’ writing level hard to improve. The source of the fact is that many young teachers have stepped into the primary school teaching position. The teachers in the Internet era depend too much on computer, so their writing skills are not enough.
4.Several Suggestions of Strengthening Calligraphy Teaching in Primary School Teaching
4.1 Mobilizing Interest to Promote the Students’ Active Learning.
The ancient people say that the people who have interest in learning is better. Because the age feature and recognition level of primary school students are determined, the interest is the important motivation of directly influencing children’s learning activity. In teaching process, educators should teach students according to their aptitude and create some effective teaching methods.
1)Using History Cultural Story. In Chinese history, there are many calligraphers’ stories. Primary school students can stimulate their interest for writing because of curiosity for stories, such as telling stories of ancient calligraphers practicing calligraphy, such as Wang Xian’s insisting and writing out many tanks of water, and finally obtaining the fame of calligrapher.
2)Stimulating children’s imagination space. Primary school students’ thinking is mainly for imagination thinking, which can make the abstract term image of calligraphy teaching specific and easy for students to grasp. Using the calligraphy pictographic association or some doggerel can make students easier to remember the writing essentials.
3)Using the multimedia means. Using projector and PPT courseware to show calligraphy name tablet to students can increase students’ perception to arouse their interest in learning calligraphy.
4.2 Education Department Should Deepen the Understanding of Calligraphy Education Importance.
The education department should fabricate the corresponding incentive mechanism and examination mechanism for writing teaching, truly making the work into the schedule. It should strengthen the writing teaching research and training strength, forming the writing teaching research atmosphere. It should also teachers’ writing skills, improving teachers’ writing basic quality and teaching guidance ability. Fabricating examination and incentive mechanism, teachers’ writing teaching is put into the teachers’ occupation responsibility evaluation.
5 Conclusion
Education, as the focus of sustainable development, not only makes the literal and science knowledge teaching as the only focus. In new course reform requirement, deepening the quality education and overall cultivating students’ quality are the focus of future education development. Literal and science knowledge, P.E health, practice ability, communication exchange and quality cultivation are also important. The writing is favored by ancient literal people. It is not only basic skill but also senior art, but also, in order to ensure the smooth written communication, all the people should write good Chinese characters, which is the lowest social demand. Practicing Chinese writing is the inheritance of traditional culture and important parts of accelerating Chinese culture. If computer is promoted with popularity, Chinese gradually go to pinyin trend, then for the people in different regions in China, it is not so easy to grasp.
References
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