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四、单项选择(共15分,每小题1分)
( ) 21. These books were really good, so she couldn’t .
A. put down it B. put it down C. put down them D. put them down
( ) 22. —Do you think if Tom the work well?
—I think he will if he his best.
A. does, will try B. will do, tries C. does, tries D. will do, will try
( ) 23. —I have never been to African countries. What about you?
— ________.
A. Neither have I B. So do I C. Neither do I D. So have I
( ) 24. Don’t worry! I’ll do what I can you when you are in trouble.
A. to help B. help C. helping D. helped
( ) 25. —I'm going to visit Yellow Mountain with my family this weekend.
— ________.
A. Good luck B. Congratulations C. Have a great time D. That sounds good
( ) 26. — ________ have you learned to play the piano?
— ________ five years ago.
A. How long, For B. How often, For
C. How long, Since D. How soon, Since
( ) 27. —Are you worried about the coming exam?
—No, I think the more ________ you study, ________ mistakes you’ll make.
A. careful, the less B. careful, the fewer
C. carefully, the less D. carefully, the fewer
( ) 28. —Do you know __ ___?
— Sorry, I don’t. But I saw her just now. xKb 1.C om
A. where has she gone B. where she has gone
C. where she has been D. where will she go
( ) 29. I have __ ___ decided when to leave, but my sister hasn’t decided
__ ___.
A. yet, yet B. already, already C. already, yet D. yet, already
( ) 30. —I called you last night, but no one answered me.
—Oh, I________ a shower.
A. have taken B. was taking C. took D. will take
( ) 31. The policeman asked the child ________ cross the street ________ the traffic lights turned green.
A. not, when B. not to, unti C. didn't, before D. not to, after
( ) 32. —I ________ a new house recently.
—Great. When ________ you ________ it?
A. have bought, did, buy B. have bought, have, bought
C. bought, did, buy D. bought, have, bought
( ) 33. Two thirds of the population of the village ________ farmers. The number of them ________ about 2,000.
A. is, is B. is, are C. are, are D. are, is
( ) 34. —I’m leaving for the exam. Bye, Mum.
—Well, make sure you’ve got ________ ready.
A. something B. anything C. everything D. nothing
( ) 35. — ________ is your school?
—I can’t remember it well. I________ for ten years.
A. How big, have left B. What big, have been away
C. How big, have been away D. What big, have left五、完形填空(共15分,每小题1.5分)
Do you write your own blog(博客)? Do you often 36 other’s blogs on the Internet?
All over the world, not only famous persons but also many students use blogs as diaries and places to share their experiences and 37 advice or help.
“ I write my activities every day, 38 funny things and worries in my life.” says Lili, a high school student in Washington. “ I like putting pictures on my blog because it can make my blog more 39 and more people will like it. It’s a good way 40 my life to the world.” She has had her blog for eight months.
Students like writing blogs 41 they can write anything they want to, but don’t need to 42 any money.
When you start to write your blog, you will find 43 necessary to open up your eyes to a new world. But what you write down may trouble you 44 . So use the blog carefully 45 you can keep yourself away from some trouble. The blog makes everyone’s life colorful.
( ) 36. A. read B. write C. forget D. miss
( ) 37. A. learn from B. hear of C. ask for D. depend on
( ) 38. A. without B. including C. between D.include ( ) 39. A. common B. modern C. famous D.interesting ( ) 40. A. to show B. showing C. show D.showed ( ) 41. A. unless B. while C. until D. because
( ) 42. A. save B. spend C. take D. waste
( ) 43. A. that B. it C. one D. those
( ) 44. A. sometimes B. always C. ever D.never
( ) 45. A. only when B. even though C. so that D. ever since
六、阅读理解(共30分,每小题2分)
A
Dear Sir,
I am writing to you about my stay at your hotel. My wife and I arrived on Saturday, May 15th and stayed for a week. Though we were treated well and found the service excellent, we think there are one or two things we should bring your attention.
1. We hoped for a nice holiday from our busy work lives, and your ad said “comfortable and quiet”. We want to have a chance to enjoy ourselves. However, we were always waken up by the noise every morning. Is it really necessary for the workers to start their repair work so early?
2. We hoped to swim in your “wonderful pool”. To our disappointment(失望), we found that it was closed for the whole time of our stay.
I hope you do not mind my writing to you about these things, but I would be happy if you could give me some explanation(说明). As I said at the start, it is a pity, and your service is so good in other places.
I hope to hear from you soon.
Yours sincerely
Tom Green
( ) 46. Who is Mr Tom Green probably writing this letter to?
A. His friend. B. The owner of a hotel. C. A reader. D. His father.
( ) 47. When did they get to the hotel?
A. On May 15th. B. A week ago. C. Last year. D. On a cold morning.
( ) 48. What’s the main idea of the second paragraph (段落)?
A. The hotel was very comfortable and quiet.
B. The workers in the hotel were very hard-working.
C. He thought the hotel didn’t provide them with a quiet place.
D. The service in the hotel was very excellent.
( ) 49. What did Mr Green think about the swimming pool?
A. He felt disappointed because the swimming pool was closed for the whole time of their stay.
B. He felt disappointed because the swimming poop was too small.
C. He felt excited about it because he had a good time there.
D. He found it really wonderful, just like the words in the ad.
( ) 50. What kind of letter is it?
A. An invitation letter. B. A thank-you letter.
C. A sorry letter. D. A complaint letter.
B
Mobile phones(手机) have become a problem for middle schools. Some middle schools in Australia have stopped students from carrying mobile phones during school hours. The mobile phone use among children has become a problem for the school this year. Several children have got mobile phones as Christmas gifts, and more students will want them.
Mary, a teacher, said the mobile phone use is a distraction to students during school hours and it also gives teachers so much trouble in their classrooms. Teachers also said that sometimes students might use phone messages to copy during exams. She said some schools tried to stop mobile phones. Some parents felt unhappy because they couldn’t get in touch with their children.
Many teachers said students should not have mobile phones at school, but if there was a good reason, they could leave their phones at the school office. They also said there were many reasons why the students should not have mobile phones at school, they were easy to lose and were a distraction for studies.
Many people say that they understand why parents would want their children to have phones, but they think schools should let the students know when they can use their mobile phones.
( ) 51. Some middle schools in Australia have stopped students from carrying mobile phones .
A. because they are students B. when they are free
C. when they are at school D. because they are children
( ) 52. We know from the passage that some children get mobile phones from .
A. the makers and sellers B. the teachers
C. their parents and friends D.some mobile phone users
( ) 53. What does the underlined word mean in the passage?
A. 鼓舞 B. 分心 C. 奖励 D. 核对
( ) 54. Some parents felt unhappy because they couldn’t _ __ during school hours.
A. use their mobile phones B. leave their mobile phones at the school office
C. help the teachers with their work D. get in touch with their children
( ) 55. The passage mainly tells us that _ __.
A. students shouldn’t have mobile phones at school except(除…外) some special reasons
B. it is impossible to stop students from using mobile phones at school
C. some parents felt unhappy because they couldn’t use their phones at school
D. parents should teach children how to use mobile phones during school hours
C
Hundreds of years ago, life was much harder than it is today. People didn’t have modern machines. Life today has brought new problems. One of the biggest is pollution. Water pollution has made our rivers and lakes dirty. It kills our fish and pollutes our drinking water. Noise pollution makes us talk louder and become angry more easily. Air pollution is the most serious kind of pollution. It’s bad to all living things in the world.
Polluted air from cars, planes and factories is so thick that it is like a quilt(被子) over a city. This kind of quilt is called smog(烟雾). Many countries are making rules to fight pollution. Factories must now clean their water before it is thrown away. And they mustn’t blow dirty smoke into the air. We need to do many other things. We can put waste things in the dustbin and not throw it on the ground. We can go to work by bus or with our friends in the same car. If there are fewer people driving, there will be less pollution.
Rules are not enough, every person must help to fight pollution.
( ) 56. Hundreds of years ago, life was much harder than it is today because ___ __.
A. there were fewer modern machines at that time than today
B. people didn’t like to use modern medicines
C. there were no modern machines at all
D. there was no pollution at all
( ) 57. What is the biggest problem in today’s life?
A. Dirty water. B. Pollution. C. Noise. D. Too crowded
( ) 58. The most serious kind of pollution is ___ ___.
A. noise pollution B. air pollution C. water pollution D. waste paper
( ) 59. Factories must clean their water ___ ___.
A. before they use it B. when they use it
C. before it is thrown away D. whenever they use it
( ) 60. From the passage we know that _ ___.
A. a few years ago, there was no smog at all
B. today people don’t have to talk to each other in a loud voice
C. people are making rules in order to fight pollution
D. people can only use rules to fight pollution
七、单词拼写(共5分,每小题1分)
61. People lived in bad c ____ __ (条件) in the past.
62. Our English teacher often e____ __ (鼓励) us to study English hard.
63. With the d__ ____ (发展) of the modern city, we need more living abilities.
64. We should be honest students instead of c__ ____ (欺骗) our teachers.
65. The countryside is a p__ __ __(完美的) place to take a holiday.
八、补全对话(共5分,每小题1分)
请从A-G中选出五个句子完成对话,其中有两项多余。
A: Hello, Helen. The happy summer vacation is coming. 66
B: Yes. I’m not busy at all. I’ve just finished my homework.
A、What’s your name?
B、What color do you want
C、Here you are
D、Can I help you
E、What size do you like
F、How about this T-shirt
G、I’ll take it
A: 67
B: I have no ideas. What about you?
A: Let me see. We’d better do something interesting and helpful. 68
B: Certainly. Where?
A: In the new museum.
B: Oh, I remember. I heard of it last week. 69 IIwesfsufslfjklvmdklvdklv
A: By bike. It’s Saturday tomorrow. The traffic must be heavy, I think.学I]
B: I agree. 70
A: At the gate of our school at nine in the morning.
B: OK. See you then.
九、书面表达(10分)
假如你是Sally,是个中学生,经常收听音乐节目(program),请你用英语给节目主持人写一封信,信的要点如下:
1、你听这个节目已经3年了,很喜欢这个节目, 特别(especially)是英文歌曲节目,到目前为止已学了10首英文歌曲;
2、当你学习繁忙或疲劳时,你常会打开收音机(recorder)去收听这个节目;
3、自己也已经写了1首英文歌曲,并寄到了这个节目;
4、你最喜欢Yesterday Once More这首歌,希望能得到歌词(lyrics);
5、你在英语学习上已经取得了巨大进步,感谢这个节目。
要求:语意连贯,语法正确,注意时态,80词左右。
Dear sir, Yours,
Sally
参考答案
IV 单项选择(共15分,每小题1分)
21~25 D B A A C 26~30 C D B C B 31~35 B A D C C
V 完形填空(共15分,每小题1.5分)
36~40 A C B D A 41~45 D B B A C
VI 阅读理解(共30分,每小题2分)
46~50 B A C A D 51~55 C C B D A 56~60 A B B C C
VII单词拼写(共5分,每小题1分)
61、conditions 62、encourages 63、development
64、cheating 65、perfect
VIII 补全对话(共5分,每小题1分)
66~70 F E A D C
IX 书面表达(共10分)
参考范文:
Dir sir,
I’m Sally. Now I’m studying in a high school. I often turn on the radio to listen to your program when I am free or feel tired. I like your program so much, especially the English songs. I’ve listened to the program for about 3 years. So far I have learned 10 English songs through the program.
I like the song named Yesterday Once More best and I expect to get the lyrics of the song. I hope you can achieve my dream. I’ve already written an English song and sent it to your program. Thanks to your program, I have also made great progress in my English study. Wish your program more excellent.
一.听句子,选择正确图片。每个句子读一遍。(5分)
( )1.
( )2.
二. 听句子,选择正确答语。每个句子读一遍。(5分)
( )6. A. I’d like to book four tickets, please.
B. Sure, what size do you want?
C. How about this one?
( )7. A. I want to travel by bicycle.
B. I am worried about the cost of our field trip.
C. I’d like to watch Beijing Opera one day.
( )8. A. Don’t worry. B. That’s OK. C. No, thanks.
( )9. A. That’s OK. B. I’d love to. C. That’s a good idea.
( )10. A. Yes, I would. B. Yes, I’d love to. C. It’s an interesting place to go.
三. 听对话,选择正确答案。每段对话读两遍。(5分)
( )11. How much does a room with a single bed cost?
A.¥220. B.¥260. C.¥300.
( )12. Where will they go for their spring field trip?
A. The Great Wall.
B. The Children’s Palace.
C. The Summer Palace.
( )13. What will Kate do with her money?
A. She will go on a trip.
B. She will buy some books.
C. She will buy a new T-shirt.
( )14. How is Li Ming going home today?
A. On foot. B. By bicycle. C. By bus.
( )15. What’s the task of Betty’s group?
A. To find out the cost by train.
B. To find out the cost by bus.
C. To find out the cost by ship.
四. 听短文,完成表格。短文读两遍。(5分)
SCHOOL TRIP
Day: Saturday
Visit the film museum: There are many interesting things about the 16.________ and famous stars.
Leaving Time: 17. _____________
Meet: in the 18._____________
Cost: 19. ___________ dollars each
Things: Bring a pencil and a 20.________________
笔试部分(100分)
一, 单项选择。(20分)
( )1. ---- Shall we go hiking this weekend?
---- Sounds ____.
A. good B. well C. good idea D. bad
( )2. Mr.Green ____ go to bed _____ he finished his work last night
A. does; until B. don’t; until C. didn’t; until D. isn’t; until
( )3. His mother gets up at 6:00 a. m. every day. She is used to ____ early to make breakfast for the family.
A. get up B. getting up C. gets up D. got up
( )4. The boss makes the workers ________ fourteen hours a day.
A. to work B. worked C. working D. work
( )5. Li Lei’s legs were ____ in the traffic accident yesterday.
A. badly hurt B. bad hurt C. hurts D. hurt bad
( )6. This film is as ___________ as that one.
A. interested B. more interesting C. interesting D. more interested
( )7. There are many shops on ___________ sides of the street.
A. both B. every C. each D. each of
( )8. Japan is __________ the east of China.
A. in B. to C. at D. on
( )9. We’re looking forward to ________ the famous science museum tomorrow.
A. build B. visit C. building D. visiting
( )10. We all _________ thanks to our dear teacher on Teachers’ Day.
A. tell B. say C. talk D. speak
( )11. The policeman warned the driver _______ too fast. It was very dangerous.
A. to drive B. not to drive C. driving D. not driving
( )12. Let’s ___________ the cost of going to Beijing by air on the computer.
A. look for B. find out C. try out D. put up
( )13. ----Dick gave me a note while I _______ in the library.
---- I guess he wanted to say sorry to you.
A. am reading B. was reading C. reads D. will read
( )14.----What would you like to do this Sunday?
----If it doesn’t rain, I ________ to Mount Qingyun for a spring field trip.
A. will go B. goes C. went D. go
( )15.----What about going shopping together?
---- Sorry, I have a lot of homework ________.
A. do B. to do C. doing D. did
( )16.----I’ll go on a visit to Mount Huang.
-----_____________________
A. Thank you. B. Have a good trip!
C. Never mind. D. My pleasure.
( )17.It ______ me two hours to finish the homework last night.
A. costs B. paid C. took D. spent
( )18.---- Mary can’t help ____ the house. Why?
---- Because she is busy ____ a hotel reservation.
A. to clean; making B. cleaning; making
C. cleaning; to make D. to clean; to make
( )19.Beijing is famous ____ its places of interest, such as the Forbidden City, the Summer Palace and the Great Wall.
A. for B. as C. to D. in
( )20. At last, the truck avoided ________ the tree.
A. hit B. to hit C. hitting D. hiting
二, 完形填空。(共10分)
( ) 21. A. tall B. fat C. happily D. fit
( ) 22. A. to get B. get C. got D. getting
( ) 23. A. quick B. dear C. little D. long
( ) 24. A. so B. because C. but D. although
( ) 25. A. something B. anything C. nothing D. everything
( ) 26. A. shortest B. most C. best D. least
( ) 27. A. price B. place C. time D. way
( ) 28. A. should B. can C. will D. must
( ) 29. A. think B. hear C. believe D. see
( )30. A. think about B. to give up C. put up D. calm down
三,阅读理解。(共30分)
(A)
Accident Report Form
Accident A car hit a tree.
Four people were in the car.
Weather condition There was a heavy rain.
Cause The driver named Li Jun drank too much.
Date of call March 20th, 2008
Time of call 8:30 p.m.
Name of caller A man called Zhang Wei. (He was taking a walk there at that time.)
Place Zhongshan Road, Nanjing
Conditions of
Victims (受害者) Mr. Green hurt his head.
Mrs. Green hurt her left leg.
Their daughter felt frightened.
Their dog died.
Action Policemen arrived at 8:40 p.m. and sent the victims to Gulou Hospital at 8:45 p.m.
( )31. What time did Zhang Wei call the police?
A. At 8:30 a. m. B. At 8:30 p. m.
C. At 8:40 p. m. D. At 8:45 p. m.
( )32. How many people were there in the cars?
A. One. B. Two. C. Three. D. Four.
( )33. Whose left leg was hurt?
A. Mrs. Green’s. B. Their daughter’s.
C. Mr. Green’s. D. Their dog’s.
( )34. What was the weather like that day?
A. It was sunny. B. It was snowy.
C. It was cloudy. D. It was rainy.
( )35. Which of the following is TRUE?
A. The car hit a wall.
B. The accident happened on Zhongshan Road in Beijing.
C. The driver drank too much.
D. The policemen arrived half an hour later and sent the victims
to the hospital.
(B)
The Arts Cinema is open 7 days a week, showing lots of American and foreign films. Next week it will show an Australian film called Midnight Meeting. It is set in (以….为背景) Sydney in the 1960s. You can see that film from Monday to Thursday. It will be on twice a day at 6:30 and 9:10 in the evenings. The film lasts two hours and fifteen minutes. Tickets are$4, but there is a special student at$2.60 for all the films. Please bring your student card if you want the cheaper ticket.
The nearest parking lot to the cinema is in Hamlet Street. It’s just five minutes’ walk from the cinema. If you need further information, phone 8813962 during office hours from 9:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., Monday to Friday.?
( ) 36. From the passage we know that Midnight Meeting is a(n)_________film.
A. Chinese B. Japanese C. Australian D. American
( ) 37. When can people see that film?
A. From Monday to Thursday.? B. From Monday to Friday.
C. Six days a week. D. Seven days a week.
( ) 38. The film lasts ______.
A. from 6:30 p.m. to 9:10 p.m. B. from 2:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m.
C. twice a day in the evenings D. two hours and fifteen minutes
( ) 39. How much do a student and his father pay for the film?
A.$2. B.$2.60. C.$4. D.$6.60.
( ) 40. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?
A. Midnight Meeting is about Sydney in 1960.?
B. Students can get a ticket with half of the price.?
C. For more information, please phone 8813962.
D. The nearest parking lot is about 10 minutes’ walk.
(C)
Modern life is impossible without traveling. The fastest way of traveling is by plane. With a modern airliner (客机), you can travel in one day to places which needed a month or more to get to hundreds of years ago.
Traveling by train is slower than by plane, but you can see the places you are traveling through. Modern trains have comfortable seats and dining-cars. They even make the longest journey enjoyable (令人愉快的).
Some people prefer to travel by sea. You can visit many other countries or different parts of your country. Ships are not so fast as trains or planes, but traveling by sea is a very pleasant way to spend a holiday.
Many people like to travel by car. You can make your own timetable. You can travel three or four hundred miles or only fifty or one hundred miles a day, just as you like. You can stop if there is something interesting, for example, at a good restaurant where you can enjoy a good meal, or at a hotel to spend the night. That’s why traveling by car is popular for pleasure trips, while people usually take a train or a plane when they travel on business.
( ) 41. From the passage, we know the fastest way of traveling is ____.
A. by train B. by sea C. by plane D. by car
( ) 42. If we travel by car, we can ____.
A. make the longest journey enjoyable
B. travel to a very far place in a few minutes
C. make our own timetable
D. visit many other countries
( ) 43. The underlined word “They” in the passage refers to (指的是) ____.
A. modern trains in the country
B. the comfortable seats and dining-cars
C. the travelers on the modern trains
D. the slower ways of traveling
( ) 44. When people travel on business, they usually take ____.
A. a plane or a car B. a car or a boat
C. a boat or a train D. a train or a plane
( ) 45. How many ways of traveling are mentioned in the passage?
A. Four. B. Three. C. Two. D. Six.
四, 根据中文或首字母提示填写单词,注意用单词的适当形式。(共5分)
46. The headmaster called on the students to ______ (筹集) money for the poor boy.
47. We are _________ (自豪的)of our great country .
48. I __________ (支付) 25 yuan for the beef yesterday.
49. Mary won the game. She was ________ (成功的).
50. Jane didn’t go to bed__________(直到) she finshed her homework.
五, 根据汉语意思,完成句子。(共15分)
51.高老师经常想出一些好主意来教我们英语。
Miss Gao often _______ ________ ________ some wonderful ideas to teach us.
52.Lucy上星期天收到她笔友的来信。
Lucy ________ ________ her pen pal last Sunday.
53.他昨天因为违反交通规则被罚款了
He ______ ________ ________ yesterday because he broke the traffic rules.
54. 他一看到我就告诉我这个好消息。
He told me the good news ___________ __________ _________he saw me.
55.与同学们相处得好,所以我很开心。
I am happy because I _________ __________ well with my classmates.
56.火车又一次晚点了。
The train was late _________ _________.
六, 书面表达。(共20分)
(A) 阅读下面George 给市长的信,根据所提供的信息,完成信息卡.(5分)
Dear Mayor,
I am sick and tired of the traffic in the city! It is so bad that I can never get anywhere in time. There are too many cars on the road, and most have only one person in them.
Another problem is the buses. They are so old and slow that nobody wants to take them. They are noisy and very dirty. You can’t even see out the windows!
Also, the taxi drivers are not polite. They never know where they are going, and they take a long time to get somewhere. Taxis are expensive, too. And the subway is just too crowed and dangerous. What are we going to do?
Yours sincerely, George Grade
Information Card
What is George sick and tired of? 57.________________________________.
Why can’t people see out the windows? The buses are 58._____________________.
Why does nobody want to take buses? Because the buses are 59._______________.
How are the taxi drivers? The taxi drivers are 60._________________.
How is the subway? The subway is too 61.__________________.
(B) 作文。(15分)
[关键词] ERP;应收账款结算;管理控制策略
doi : 10 . 3969 / j . issn . 1673 - 0194 . 2012 . 10. 001
[中图分类号] F233 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673 - 0194(2012)10- 0002- 03
1 应收账款核销业务类型与业务处理特点
应收账款结算主要处理的业务是应收账款核销,俗话讲就是“勾销”,是ERP系统中销售与收款管理的主要环节,准确无误的应收账款核销处理是生成账龄分析表、到期债权列表、应收利息表等管理表的基础。
应收系统核销类型主要包括:到款结算、预收款冲应收款、应收款转销、预收款转销、应收款冲应付款、预收款冲预付款。下面将以A公司为例,列举各种应收账款结算的业务处理过程和数据。为简化起见,假定各个往来单位之间的应收、应付、预收、预付等款项的金额是相等的。
(1)到款结算是最基本的核销类型,用于收到款项后勾销应收业务。比如,A公司账面上挂账B公司应收款与A公司收到的B公司银行承兑汇票。
(2)预收款冲应收款是将预收业务与应收业务进行勾销。由于收款中,存在预收账款,无法预先知道该笔款项所属的销售业务,而且收款出纳在根据发票收款时也可能没有记录销售发票号的现象,因此需进行核销处理准确建立和核算收款与应收款的对应关系。比如,A公司账面上同时挂账B公司的预收款和应收款。
(3)应收账款转销涉及三角债权债务关系,用于不同往来单位之间的应收款转移。比如,A公司账面上挂账B公司应收款,同时B公司账面上挂账C公司应收款,通过将A公司挂账的B公司应收款转销给C公司,以结清A、B公司的应收款和B、C公司的应收款。
(4)预收账款转销亦涉及三角债权债务关系,用于不同往来单位之间的预收款转移。比如,A公司账面上挂账B公司预收款,同时B公司账面上挂账C公司预收款,通过将A公司挂账的B公司预收款转销给C公司,以结清A、B公司的预收款和B、C公司的预收款。
(5)应收款冲应付款可以是相同的往来单位之间的冲销,也可以是不同的往来单位之间的转销。相同的往来单位之间的冲销比较简单,而不同的往来单位之间的转销则涉及三角债权债务关系。比如,A公司账面上挂账B公司应收款和C公司应付款,如果B公司同时挂账C公司应收款和C公司同时挂账B公司应付款,通过将A公司挂账的B公司应收款与A公司挂账的C公司应付款勾销,以结清A、B公司的应收款和A、C公司的应付款,而建立C公司应收B公司的款项;由于已有的B公司挂账C公司应收款,最终结清A、B、C三公司之间的债权债务关系。
(6)预收款冲预付款可以是相同的往来单位之间的冲销,也可以是不同的往来单位之间的转销。相同的往来单位之间的冲销比较简单,而不同的往来单位之间的转销则涉及三角债权债务关系。比如,A公司账面上挂账B公司预收款和C公司预付款,如果B公司同时挂账C公司预收款和C公司同时挂账B公司预付款,通过将A公司挂账的B公司预收款与A公司挂账的C公司预付款勾销,以结清A、B公司的预收款和A、C公司的预付款,而建立C公司预收B公司的款项;由于已有的B公司挂账C公司预收款,最终结清A、B、C三公司之间的债权债务关系。
在上述6种核销业务类型中,第一种业务处理和数据流向单一,比较容易把握;第二种业务处理和数据流向虽然是双向的,但由于是相同两个往来单位之间的双重、反向业务处理和数据流向,把握起来也不难;第三、四种都涉及到不同业务单位之间的三角债务关系,具有共同点;第五、六种可能是相同两个往来单位之间、也可能是3个不同业务单位之间的三角债权债务关系,具有共同点。
2 应收账款核销业务流程
应收账款结算衔接销售活动与收款活动,通过将相互对应的各种单据进行勾对,以使应收系统挂账业务得以动态实时处理和更新。与应收账款核销相关的业务流程如图1所示。
收款单文件要么登记预收款信息,要么根据已经发生销售活动的收款。往来核销的目的是实现由收款信息追溯对应赊销发票的作用。通过核销,确定收到的款项究竟是支付哪次购买行为而拖欠的款项,或者是结清什么债权债务关系。应收账款核销业务如图2所示。
从ERP系统业务与财务融合与一体化的观点来看,应收账款核销业务与销售系统、资金管理系统、账务系统相关联,存在着数据接口和数据交换。核销之前必须保证销售业务确已发生、数据已经传入账务系统,且确实已经收款。明确的岗位职责和工作流程确保了通过前项事件的信息控制后续活动,并通过记录和控制数据流确保了审计中业务追溯活动的可执行性。
3 应收账款核销业务的表单处理
应收账款业务的主要单据有各种销售发票(普通发票和增值税发票)、其他应收单、收款单、退款单和应收票据。如图1所示,核销应收账款前,检查对客户开发票环节非常重要。应收账款会计员开销售发票向客户收账前是否检查了订货员输入的销售价格和装运员输入的装运费用。创建发票记录后自动生成销售日记账项。销售日记账提供了审计轨迹,检查时可以用日记账来认定装运和销售订单记录。检查后的销售日记账可以过账销售发票记录。
应收账款会计员在现金收款日记账中记录收款,并将现金收入日记账的总金额和汇款单上的金额进行比较,如果相符,则过账该笔分录,更新总账。核销时应从收款单文件中的关键字“收款单号”,查核其对应的发票记录,如果对应关系确认,则可以进行核销。
为突出特点和难点,这里主要说明应收账款转销、应收冲应付等涉及到三角债权债务关系的核销业务。
由前所述,应收账款转销业务是为了结清三角债权债务关系。单据和业务处理的关系如图3所示。已有的A公司应收B公司款项信息体现在A公司的销售发票(包括普通发票和增值税发票)中,已有的B公司应收C公司款项信息体现在B公司的销售发票中,以A公司为会计主体,将已有的A公司应收B公司款项转销给C公司,则生成收款单,表明B公司已经付款,并同时生成其他应收单,表明A公司应收B公司款项的记录生成。
应收冲应付业务也是为了结清三角债权债务关系。业务处理关系如图4所示。
已有的A公司应收B公司款项信息体现在A公司的销售发票(包括普通发票和增值税发票)中,已有的A公司应付C公司款项信息体现在A公司的应付单中,还有一个前提是C公司应付B公司款项,如果将A、B公司间的应收冲A、C公司间的应付后建立的C公司应收B公司款项恰与C公司应付B公司款项结清,则最终结果是结清A、B、C三个公司之间的债权债务关系。
4 应收账款核销业务处理一体化流程的管理控制策略
应收账款核销业务需关注的风险点和控制点包括收款业务执行、收款记录以及应收账款、现金和销售的账目信息记录。为了降低应收账款核销的风险,应采取工作流程控制活动,即控制从一个事件到另一个事件的过程。工作流程控制利用事项之间的联系,重点在于各事件的责任、事件的先后次序以及业务活动中的信息的流程。应收账款核销业务的工作流程控制活动可以进一步细化为相应的管理控制策略:即岗位职责分工、表单控制、审核控制、报告控制等。
4.1 岗位职责分工
应收账款核销涉及到的应收会计员、收发员、出纳和控制员这4个岗位的职责要分离,以保证业务数据录入和审核环节的分离。在应收账款核销业务中,前提之一是销售发票的录入和审核是由职责分离的岗位来完成,前提之二是收款员收到客户付款后,一方面交由出纳处理银行业务,另一方面生成收款单交由应收会计记录收款。
4.2 表单控制
在应收账款核销业务中,表单承载的信息不仅起到了传递信息的作用,还起到了控制的作用。核销时可以在收款单上完成,但是前提是收款单必须通过关联发票或应收单的关键信息。如果要进行自动核销,则需设定根据时间先后核对单据金额进行核销。即通过对往来单位所有未核销的发票、其他应收单与所有未核销的收款单、退款单核销。
4.3 审核控制
应收账款核销类型不同,执行核销的过程亦不同,核销后自动生成的单据也不同。适当的审核控制以确保自动生成的表单信息得以确认,并提供了审计轨迹。假使审计人员想要通过各种方式从核销记录追溯到原始销售发票甚至追溯到原始销售订单时,审计人员可以从核销记录中的收款单号、销售发票号关键字段,检查对应的收款明细记录和销售明细记录,进而再顺藤摸瓜检查对应的装运记录和销售订单明细记录中的销售订单信息。
4.4 报告控制
报告控制是一种周期性进行的控制策略,在多数情况下是按月进行。为了降低应收账款核销业务的风险,一般在每月末出具以下报告:①发送客户往来对账单,以反映客户已支付的发票和尚未支付的发票,进而发现客户付款记录和企业收款记录的差异,并进一步查找原因;②在应收账款核销记录的基础上,查对应收账款账龄报告,以跟踪长时间未付款的客户,为应收账款余额审计提供审计证据。
主要参考文献
[1]张继德.金融危机环境下企业财务管理对策[J].中国管理信息化,2009(14).
一、精彩导入,激发兴趣
精彩的课堂导入能迅速吸引学生的注意力,能在极短的时间内产生师生之间的情感共鸣,在师生心灵深处架起一座彼此交流互动的桥梁。课堂导入直接关系到教学效果的好坏,因此在导入环节的设计中,要充分考虑到学生的年龄特征,尽量符合他们的心理需要,使他们尽快地进入英语学习状态,激发他们的思维和表达的欲望,扫除英语学习障碍,化解新授内容的难度。课堂导入的设计因人、因时、因地、不同,方法多种多样,不拘一格,要根据实际情况灵活运用。
1.背景知识导入法
对于一些故事、历史或有文化背景题材的课文教学,教师可以采用有关的材料或背景知识,把学生引入到真实的语境中去。如外研版初二上册Module 6 Unit 2要求学生能读懂“爱丽丝漫游奇境”的文章,在教学中可以向学生展示本故事的部分图片,通过讨论图片导入故事,这样不仅可以激活学生头脑中故事的相关情节,还可以熟悉一些词汇,为阅读提供词汇、句法以及背景知识的准备。
2.情景导入法
针对初中学生好奇、爱表演的特点,在导入新课过程中,通过扮演角色、实物呈现、多媒体应用等多种教学手段将教材的情景生动地再现出来,使学生在特定的情境中感知、理解新的语言材料的意思,理解具体情景中语言所传递的信息。如外研版初二上册Module 8 Unit 2 The London Eye is on your right的热身活动可以采取“Sunny says”游戏练习 “Turn left, go along ”等指示语,然后利用地图、多媒体课件等,设计一个去某地旅游的情景,导入主题。
3.视听导入法
在讲解新课知识前把教学中涉及到的内容用图片、音乐或视频呈现给学生。师生根据视听手段创设的情景,通过合理的想象和推理,进行一系列的问答和讨论,从而切入新课主题。如学习外研版初二下册Module 7 Unit 2,首先教师询问:“May Day is coming , Where do you want to go? ”学生纷纷发言,调动起了开口讲英语的欲望。然后通过视频让学生身临其境感受“武陵源”的风光,成功地导入了本课的内容。
4.游戏竞赛导入法
根据初中生活泼好动、喜爱游戏的特点,课堂采用游戏竞赛导入,既能调动课堂的气氛又能激发学生参与的积极性,达到寓教于乐的目的。如教师可以开展做表情动作猜描述词的游戏,如sad,nervous,happy,excited,angry,afraid等,让学生在玩中学,轻松愉快地导入proud,stupid等新词汇的学习。
二、学法指导,授之以渔
“渔”就是指导学生掌握基本的阅读技能和阅读方法。教师应避免阅读指导的随意性和零散现象,力求按一定的指导体系,系统地对学生的阅读能力和方法进行点拨。我们可以借助预习学案,教给学生不同体裁的阅读方法,培养理解能力,从而增强阅读的效能。
如外研版初二下册Reading环节分为Fast-reading, Careful-reading和Read aloud。阅读时学生根据导学案自主阅读,由浅入深,从武陵源到夜宿武陵源再到天子山逐步获取信息;Fast reading环节要求学生Read and match the headings with the paragraphs,培养学生速读信息的能力,Careful reading环节要求学生完成以下任务:
1.Read Paragraph 1 and fill in the blanks.(通过本环节的阅读,了解武陵源的细节信息,培养学生获取细节信息的能力,同时渗透阅读策略:Just read the information you need.)
2.Read Paragraph 2 carefully and check the following statements. (了解野外过夜发生的事情,渗透阅读策略:You can use the key words to help you.)
3.Read Paragraph 4-5 carefully and answer the questions.(了解爬“天子山”的事情。)
朗读环节要求学生大声朗读课文,在小组中讨论不明白的问题。教师巡视,及时提供帮助,进一步解决遗留的问题。要求学生进行美文赏读,找出自己喜欢的句子,有感情的大声朗读,为写作奠定基础。
三、课内阅读,课外拓展
英语学习能力的发展最终必须超越课堂,超越课本。向学生推荐相关的课外阅读材料,以开拓他们的视野,提高他们的阅读能力。课外阅读是学生自己阅读,但这不等于教师可以撒手不管,放任自流,在读物选择、阅读方法等方面,教师应给予指导,做到有布置、有指导、有检查。
1.精选阅读材料,培养阅读兴趣
(1)阅读材料的推荐原则。一是要让学生明确课内与课外的关系:课外阅读是课内学习的延伸,是课内知识的有效补充和促进,二者相辅相成,相得益彰。二是培养兴趣。作为教材延伸形式出现的课外阅读,体裁要多样化,要讲求趣味性和时效性。三是材料的难度要适中,由浅入深,逐步升级;生词不宜太多,篇幅不可太长。如果生词太多,看一句要查好几次词典,就难以把主要精力用在理解文章的内容上,阅读的效果就大打折扣了。
(2)阅读材料的推荐以短小精悍、幽默有趣为主。如在《英语阅读与写作》(初一年级)中有一系列丰富生动、幽默有趣并涉及政治、经济、天文、航天、地理、文学、历史、风土人情等方面的阅读材料,不仅使学生重温了经典儿童故事,而且享受到了阅读的快乐。Little Red Coat,The Sleeping Princess,The Frog Prince,Popeye the Sailor,等都受到了初一年级学生的喜爱,很多学生将这些读过的小故事排练成短剧,利用英语角的时间进行演出,深受师生称赞。
2.做好读后活动,推动课外阅读
(1)建立阅读档案。笔者设计了一张阅读反馈表(如下图),要求学生将平时阅读过的精品及阅读情况进行整理和记录,并放入自己的学习档案中。教师通过检查阅读反馈表进一步指导学生阅读技巧,帮助学生学会找主题句和关键词,学会归纳文章中心思想,督促学生掌握方法,形成善于归纳积累的好习惯。
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(2)质疑问难。学生在阅读过程中难免会遇到疑难点,可让学生随时进行记录。在阅读质疑课上,每个学生都可亮出自己的疑点,和其他同学讨论、探究,解决问题。在学生无法解答时,教师参与讨论,和学生共同探究,教学相长。
(3)引导思考。不少文学作品的结尾总是意味深长,留给读者丰富的想象、思考空间。这样的作品也是很好的课程资源,教师应及时抓住契机,让学生插上想象的翅膀,去探索作品留下的悠远的回味空间,让学生在创造性想象中提高自己的综合能力。
(4)群英争锋。阅读前,学生自由分组,并根据共同喜好和特点为本组命名,如“天使组合”“英豪小队”“智慧之星”、“快乐精英”,等等。以小组为单位进行分项阅读,读后各组集思广益,出一份题(包括抢答题、必答题、风险题、拔高题),交给老师,由老师择优录取,形成竞赛题目。接着,每组推出四名代表,其余同学组成“智囊团”,必要时为代表献计献策。准备工作做好后,教师做裁判,班长做主持人,举办“阅读知识大赛”,让各组同学一展风采。通过活动,不但加深了学生对阅读内容的理解与体验,而且提高了学生的反应能力,并让更多的学生参与阅读学习活动,落实了素质教育要面向全体的要求。
关键词:初中英语;词汇教学;巩固
在知识经济时代,英语作为一门语言有着越来越重要的地位,词汇是英语学习的基础和重要组成部分,没有词汇,语言也就失去了意义,词汇量不够丰富就不能进行有效的语言交际。当前,初中英语新课程标准对学生词汇量的掌握有了更高的要求,教师必须重视词汇教学的重要性,采取高效的教学方法,帮助学生掌握词汇学习的方法,成为每个初中英语教师的一项重要任务。
一、初中英语词汇教学存在的现状
1.对词汇教学重视不够
很多教师和学生的教学和学习观念存在问题,只是为了考试而教或学,初中或中考更重视阅读理解、完形填空等综合能力的考查,对学习词汇付出的精力和时间不够。
2.教师的词汇教学方法单一
一般是“领读—讲解—记忆—听写”的过程,学生在学习过程中处于被动状态,教师往往重结果轻过程,在讲解过程中倾向词汇的字面意义,很少提及词汇的文化内涵,导致学生对词汇的本义和具体意义理解不透彻,不能灵活运用词汇,久而久之学生就会感到厌烦,甚至产生放弃学习英语的情绪。
二、提高初中英语词汇教学有效性的策略
1.导入游戏,提高学生学习词汇的兴趣
游戏化教学正符合初中生的心理和生理特点,能有效营造课堂气氛,提高学生的学习兴趣。如,在讲Color一单元时,教师可以将一些带有颜色的卡片发给学生,让学生分组进行,当教师说purple时,拿有紫色卡片的学生出列,没有卡片的学生读出purple,并拼出其写法。blue,red,green,yellow,pink,black等,依次进行训练,回答错误的学生出局。将游戏引入词汇教学,可以使全体学生参与进来,使学生成为学习的主体,在很大程度上促进了学生学习的积极性,有效地活跃课堂气氛,师生关系也变得融洽,从而能有效提高学生的学习质量。
2.巧用构词法,教会学生记单词的规律
构词法对教材中的一些相关板块有重要作用,牛津版初中英语初二下册Unit 2添加ful或less把名词转化为形容词,如harm-harmless-harmful;Unit 5在动词或形容ment,ness,io变为名词,如agree-agreement,invent-invention,ill-illness;Unit 6中有合成词的构成,如class+room构成classroom,fund+raising构成fund-raising等。另外,构词法还有派生法、转换法和合成法等,如表示方位的名词加上后缀ern就变为形容词,north+ern变为northern,south+ern变为southern,动词加上er变为名词,program+er=programmer,design+er=designer,形容词加上词缀ly就变为副词,如recent+ly=recently,这些是派生构词法。转换法主要是针对同一词的不同词性来说的,如tie作为名词就是领带的意思,动词就是捆绑的意思,open作为动词是打开的意思,其形容词解释为开阔的;合成法是用两个单词合为一个新单词的方法,如post+man=postman。教师要教会学生灵活运用构词法,学会单词的词形变换,找出单词之间的联系,能够举一反三,形成系统的词汇结构。
3.加强复习巩固
学习词汇,教师只是起到引导的作用,关键还是要看学生自身的努力情况,中学生学得快、忘得也快,对于大量的词汇如果不及时复习巩固,学生会很容易就忘掉,不能达到真正掌握的效果。教师要指导学生课下自行复习。比如,让学生举办英语角、制作英语小报、学唱英文歌等充满乐趣的方式来复习所学单词。另外,学习单词,记忆是非常关键的,教师可以教学生一些记忆的方法,如卡片记忆、构词记忆、图表记忆、分类记忆、理解记忆、同义或反义记忆等,通过各种方法能有效地帮助学生提高学习单词的效率。
关键词:信息技术 英语教学 整合 应用
义务教育《英语课程标准》中指出:“合理开发和利用课程资源是有效实施英语课程的重要保证。英语课程资源包括英语教材以及有利于发展学生综合语言应用能力的其他教学材料、支持系统和教学环境等,如音像资料、直观教具和实物、多媒体软件、广播影视节目、网络资源、报纸杂志以及图书馆、班级、学校教学设施和教学环境创设等等。”反观我们的课堂教学,学生的学习方式往往是死记硬背,表现出极大的厌烦情绪,教材上的材料以及不能满足学生的好奇心和求知欲。
信息技术丰富多彩,教育理论也需要以实践为依托,需要我们一线教师在每节课的教学中不断的研究、实践、反思、创新。下面我就英语教学的课型和师生自身的资源开发谈谈我在新课标下实现信息技术与英语教学的有机整合的一些想法:
一、信息技术在听说课中的应用
(一)学生的语音语调一直是教师需要关注的问题,在教学中教师可以指导学生运用“点读笔”纠正自己的发音。利用“点读笔”的录音功能,让学生模拟发音,并把自己的话录下来,这样学生可以通过文件播放自己的声音,了解自己的语调和发音情况。
(二)外研版教材每个模块的第一单元都是以对话为主的教学内容,每个对话都有一个与实际相联系的情境。教师可以指导学生练习动画配音。在教学配套光盘中都有每个模块对话的动画版,其中可以选择有字幕和无字幕,还可选择静音模式。切换到静音模式,我们就可以指导学生练习配音了。还可以搞个小组评比,来激发学生的配音热情。
二、信息技术在阅读课中的应用
(一)阅读课中,与话题相关的生词有时会成为阅读的障碍,教师可以利用图片将生词与画面结合,方便学生识记。制作课件将生词与图片连线,或说出更多的相关单词,以便为模块任务服务。
(二)在课堂教学中,对于英语教材中的阅读教学,传统上通常采用三步式阅读模式,即Pre- reading(读前渗透),While- reading(阅读中理解),以及Post- reading(读后的反馈思考)。在阅读方法上采用略读、细读以及精读等方式,这些阅读方式的训练,虽可对文章内容进行表层理解和深层挖掘,但是课堂气氛以及教学手段难免有些沉闷和枯燥,不利于调动学生的积极性,很难把所有学生的注意力集中到课堂阅读中来。这时,如果充分的利用信息技术中的多媒体教学材料,就会把抽象枯燥的文字生动化,加深学生对于背景知识和相关信息的了解,对于英语阅读起到一定的辅助作用。
三、信息技术在写作课中的应用
(一)教过初三的老师都清楚学生的书写至关重要,教师应力争在书面表达上不让学生丢失卷面分。书法不好有很大程度上是因为笔顺不正确,为此我们可以在互联网上找到相关Flash,在优美的画面上显示要学的字母,并将字母的笔画、笔顺这一教学过程动态完整地展现出来;或分段展示,让学生先猜一猜即将出现的是什么字母,这样更能激起学生的兴趣,记忆也就更深。
(二)学生在习作中有时不注意一些语法项目,比如动词的单三形式或者单词的单复数等等。这些看似简单,可是有些基础差的学生写写就忘了。为了改正这个毛病,教师可以利用课余时间给学生播放《着迷英语语法》等相关影音材料里的语法动画,通过这种丰富多彩的知识表达形式,使学生从而轻松地掌握了更多的语法知识,还可以利用课件开发例如“找别扭”之类游戏,给学生展示有错误的书面表达材料,让学生自己发现问题,看看谁找的多找得准。
(三)实物展台是写作课中用处最大的信息技术设备,教师在课堂上给学生出题目,学生限时完成书面表达,之后把作品展示在实物展台上,全班共同分析写作思路和句子的逻辑性,并让学生给出适当的分数。当学生会评价书面表达的档次时,相信他也会写好自己的文章。
四、信息技术在复习课中的应用
(一)复习课的基础知识部分量比较大,如果老师在黑板上板书会浪费很多时间,而且是复习课,知识学生已经会了,再板书会产生无效劳动。教师可以借助教学软件,引领学生回顾。
(二)复习课要将知识点和各种语法现象以及话题任务进行系统分析和归类,如果教师能把知识做成图表或者思维导图的形式展示在课件上会让学生思路非常清晰,起到事半功倍的效果。
(三)复习课需要大量的阅读练习材料,教师可以借助网络下载一些阅读材料,扩展学生阅读量,提高学生阅读、认知、理解能力。教师可登陆类似21世纪报等网站下载有关资料。在网站上刊登的文章会注明适合哪个年级的学生阅读,教师可以有针对性的进行选择。每期阅读文章都能在网站上下载到语音文件,教师还可以根据需要将简单的阅读题改编为听力理解题,提高复习课效率。
五、信息技术在开发教师资源中的应用
教师自身可以借助网络收集和整理相关课题的资料作为教材课题的拓展学习资源,可以通过阅读讨论文本、观看网络教学视频等形式进行学习,扩充自己教学策略,优化课堂教学设计,开拓视野,开阔思路,在教学中不断创新。
六、信息技术在开发学生资源中的应用
(一)促进学生养成良好的预习习惯。如讲到初二下册module9 Heroes这个模块时,提前让学生结合书中教材内容搜集有关白求恩的资料,鼓励学生在课上用自己的语言表述出来,培养学生的分析整理能力,还可以让学生收集更多的名人和伟人资料,在小组中介绍自己最崇拜的人。信息网络为学生提供了一个无限的资源库,让提前预习有所准备的学生在课堂上有话可说,使学生能更好的参与到课堂活动中。
(二)提高学生的自主学习能力。教师可指导学生借助网络报刊、电子图书等扩展阅读量,使用词霸搜索生词的发音、语义和用法,使网络成为学生学习的工具,为终身学习打下基础。
(三)激发学生学习英语的兴趣,在学中玩,玩中学。介绍一些英语方面的小游戏,也有利于学生健康上网。
参考文献:
[1]中华人民共和国教育部.《义务教育英语课程标准》2011年版.北京.北京师范大学出版社. 2012.
[2]何克抗 .《教育技术水平考试辅导教程》.北京. 高等教育出版社 .2007.
关键词:高效;导入;交流;互动;多媒体;拿来主义;反思;总结
中图分类号:G632 文献标识码:B 文章编号:1002-7661(2016)07-297-01
一、新课导入巧设计
“兴趣是最好的老师”,在英语课堂教学中,如何寻找学生的兴奋点,激发学生的兴趣是保证高效课堂顺利开展的关键。Well begun is half done(好的开端等于成功的一半),在英语课堂教学中,好的导入方法就显得尤为重要。英语课堂教学也是如此。导入是新课的warm―up(热身),能否在课堂开始的短短几分钟就能吊起学生主动学习的“胃口”,进入“我要学”的良好学习状态,将直接影响一节课的成败。因此,我很重视新课的导入,巧设悬念,牢牢抓住学生的注意力,以期收到事半功倍的效果。常见的导入方法有:动画导入法,动画导入生动活泼,能迅速集中学生的注意力;歌曲或音乐导入法,歌曲或音乐能减少学生对语言的陌生感,激发学生的学习兴趣,比如学习初二下册Module 4 ,主要讲if引导的条件状语从句,我就引入了If you are happy and you know it, clap your hands。这首轻松愉快的歌曲导入本模块话题,收到了良好的效果;另外还有实物导入法、游戏导入法、情景导入法、头脑风暴导入法等等。我们可以根据课堂需要,运用不同的导入法开始授课。
二、运用“交流一互动”教学模式进行英语课堂教学,提高教学效率
1、引入小组讨论的课堂教学模式,提高课堂效率
小组讨论是“交流一互动”的主体,教师应改变过去领着学生分析课文的传统模式,通过设计一项任务或问题,让学生在一种真实、复杂、具有挑战性的开放的学习环境与问题情境中,成为学习活动的主人。小组一般由4人(优等生1人,中等生2人,差生1人)程度各异的学生组成,通过小组的合作学习,就解决了老师需大量讲解也很难让学生理解掌握的内容,学生通过激烈的思想碰撞,相互建立了自信心和强烈的兴趣,讨论后让小组派代表讲解讨论结果,老师做适当的补充和说明,这样就抓住了学生的薄弱点、遗漏点,大大的提高了学习效率。在教学中教师不要轻易地给学生标准答案,而是设法引导,让他们自己做出正确或接近正确的答案。通过学生自行讨论,组内同学相互学习,团结协作,达到共同学习共同提高的目的。
2、评价方式多元化,提高课堂效率
在组与组之间交流后,教师按一定的评价标准对各个学生进行全面、客观、准确的评价。而课内练习是学生巩固知识的必要环节,也是检测教学效果的有效手段,教师及时运用预先设计好的练习题,从知识的不同层次、不同侧面让学生练习测试。在学生自练的基础上,让其互评、互议、互批、互改,对其中出现的代表性问题,教师也不急于讲解,而是采取全班讲座的形式,通过学生互评、师生互评等手段来解决。对于基础较差的学生,教师更应从其参与态度是否积极,书写是否认真等方面给予及时表扬和鼓励。这样做能让小组每位成员参与活动,实现真实互动,而非流于形式。
“交流一互动”教学采用当堂检测教学效果的方法,反馈迅速,校正有效,有利于提高英语教学质量。
三、突出语言重点,彰显课堂精讲
教师的课堂讲述一定要做到精准,集时间优势,重点突破课堂中要求必须突破的疑点、难点、要点和考点。这无疑有赖于教师本人课前的精心准备,包括对需要评讲题目的反复构思和有效筛选。同时,教师在课内能否实现精讲要求,在很大程度上将取决于学生的实际接受水平,这就要求课堂要回归到以生为本。我们的教学活动的设计也要以学生为主体充分发挥学生的主动性和能动性。
四、让多媒体融进英语课堂
使用多媒体技术来辅助英语教学可以为学生创造生动的语言学习环境,提高学生听、说和读的能力,使英语课堂变得“活”起来,从而有助于取得最佳的教学效果。在现代的教育中以多媒体为核心的教育技术已经在学校中进行普及和应用,同时也是提高教学质量的重要保证。此外,用多媒体课件上课时,能营造出一种轻松愉悦的气氛。充分利用网络资源,调用网络中的资料库,充分发挥现代教育技术在教学中的“适度作用”。运用多媒体技术在英语教学中所体现出来的优势,来提高学生对英语学习的兴趣,从而有助于提高课堂效率。
五、处理好用教材教还是教教材的关系
教材是我们教学的工具,在平时教学中我们要大胆取舍,整合教材,初中英语教材整合,就是教师根据自己的教学实际,针对学生接受知识的实际能力,把英语每个模块及各单元的教学环节加以重新整合使用。不管是外研版还是冀教版,只要有相似话题的内容,都可以放到一起。外研版教学内容多,教师可按实际所需删除一些不必要的活动。只要是符合大纲要求的,不管哪个版本的教材,我们都可以采取“拿来主义”。
六、及时进行课后反思,加强教学经验总结
【关键词】英语教学活动 有效途径 课堂设计 创新 策略
开展英语教学活动必须以学生为中心,以培养学生的语言综合运用能力为目标,因而教师应精心设计并组织和开展形式多样的课内外英语教学活动。同时我们还应努力激发学生学习英语的热情,了解并帮助学生建立良好的学习策略,因而初中英语课堂活动要具有实用性、真实性、创新性和针对性。结合多年的初中英语课堂教学经验,本人浅谈以下几个方面与大家共享。
一、创设多元化的心理环境,形成宽松和谐的师生关系,利于以点到面,从面到点,调动全班每一个学生参与活动的欲望和积极性,充分参与活动。
案例:这是一节句型操练课,教学内容为《英语(新课标)》(Go for it!)七年级上册Unit3 SectionA的内容。要求学生掌握家庭成员的词组,并学会介绍家人。本人用了十分钟的时间导入新课,突出了新课的重点,全班每位同学对新知识有了明确的认识。紧接着设计了十分钟的巩固训练。先由教师将本课重点句型、习语作为操练内容传递给第一排第一个学生,该学生即向本行的下一个学生传递,消息很快传向四面八方,从前排依次向后,从左行依次向右,再由中间向四周发散,最后一排或一行的学生反馈他所收到的信息。声浪此起彼伏,紧凑有序;学生个个跃跃欲试,情绪激昂,俨然是一场小型音乐会。教师就好像是乐队指挥,学生全身心投入,沉浸在优美的乐曲和互动交流之中。
分析:英语学习离不开词汇、习语和主要句型的记忆。常用的背诵方法显得单调、呆板、没有活力,容易使学生厌倦,效果并不是很理想。因此,采用以“接力”操练,学生兴趣倍增,人人参与,大大提高了学生的认知效率,提高了兴趣,活跃了课堂气氛。尤其对于内初班民族班的学生,由于他们长期不出校园,生活相对单调,随机举办此类“小型音乐会”,他们会收到以外的惊喜。激动之余,还掌握了知识,放松了身心。
二、对学科基础薄弱的班级,同时又面临中考,短时间内能迎头赶上吗? 本人承担六十六中学区内初中班民族班英语教学任务,现所带的两个班是中途接任的班级。初一、初二的基础不是很牢固,摆在我面前的是一个艰巨而有具有挑战性的任务,如何应对?通过几年的尝试,我产生了一些体会与想法,现浅谈如下:
1.配合班主任做学生的思想工作,提高班级的班风和学风,从而奠定英语学科的地位和知名度,重视英语学科,更重要的是渗透学习英语需要持久性和坚忍不拔的毅力,帮助培养他们的意志品质。如:刚接任2009届初三(1)班的时候,该班是一个乱班,班级纪律松散,自信心严重缺乏,英语兴趣几乎为零。在班主任魏继承老师的带领下,我们任课老师齐抓共管,相互配合,从不同的角度关爱学生,帮助学生,严格要求学生。本人利用课余时间和学生谈理想,讲道理,帮助学生重拾信心。通过三个月的共同努力,班级的面貌焕然一新,学生对文理科,强弱科能够科学正确对待,树立了强科稳中有升,弱科加大力度,知难而进,决不气馁。确有“明知山中有虎,偏要虎山行”的豪情壮志。学生一改往日应付英语学科的为难情绪和漠然态度,毅然决然地接受挑战,努力拼搏,迎接中考。最后以升学率83%的优异成绩升入内地高中班,其中本班萨力同学获得了我校民考民第一名的好成绩。
2. 针对基础空缺或不扎实的现状,重新整合三年的教材内容。在初三新授阶段补充初一、初二的遗漏知识,并要尽力做到见缝插针,不留遗憾,补丁打得即美观又结实。例如: 学习新课标九年级〈Unit14〉Have you packed yet? 循环呈现重点英语语法现在完成时,恰好本知识点第一次出现在初二下册Unit 9 Have you ever been to an amusement park?中真是千载难逢的好时机,本人便将现在完成时态完整地由浅入深地教授给学生,收到了良好的效果,教研中心卢萍老师指导听课,给予高度的评价。
3.在基础薄弱的班级另辟新径,填补空缺,提高词汇教学的容量和质量。如:每接一个新班时,发现学生的单词记忆和词汇运用存在一定的问题,本人便产生了很多顾虑和担忧: 依据学生现有知是按部就班地教下去,还是大胆地进行改革尝试,加大容量,放快速度追赶其他教学班?因为时间紧,任务重,本人当时处于进退两难的境地,于是就听取同行老师们对课堂教学的建议,放下顾虑,大胆尝试;在教学中边讲边改,边改边学,尽快拉近老师与同学的距离,缩短了磨合期和适应期,顺利地走上科学正确的轨道。
三、英语课堂上有效地驾驭学生,调节课堂气氛,从而激发学习热情,能对教学效果起到事半功倍的效果。如:教授被动语态时,由于本语法知识是初中阶段的重点和难点,语法教学单调而枯燥。于是在课堂上,本人设置了一连串的头脑风暴式提问。如:各种时态的被动语态是如何构成的等各种小问题,连续提出来,并出其不意地指名任何一个学生回答,每个学生就会立即紧张起来,竖起耳朵,惟恐听不清老师的提问。又如:本人在课堂上常用一个个充满异国风味,饱含激情的词如“Excellent!” “Wonderful”、“Terrific”、“Fantastic” 等词语,伴随着亲切的目光和体态语与学生产生情感共鸣,引发学生的心灵震动,激发学生的成就感和自豪感,让艺术的评价成功推进学生的学习的动力,从而达到理想的调节效果.当学生的回答不尽如人意,甚至是错误时,老师应给予鼓励的目光,并善于发现学生在学习过程的情感态度。不能随意批评学生,这样会增大师生之间的心理差距,从而使学生产生消极情绪。比如: “It doesn't matter. I’m sure you would do better next time.”纠正该学生的错误并给予鼓励;用“You’re diligent”赞美学生付出的辛勤劳动,用“Good job in cooperation with others.” 表扬学生良好的合作学习方式,用“ You’re creative” 赞赏学生具有创造性或独创性的见解,还有“Your handwriting is very beautiful! You have a good head for English .You work hard enough..You’re very gifted” 等等。这样的评价能引导学生在受挫时归因于自己未尽全力,从而尝试以加倍的努力去战胜困难,争取下次做得更好,还有利于培养学生顽强的意志和勇于接受挑战的心人格的塑造。
四、英语教学魅力――“半句话”效应。在英语课上,我们教师应该做到话到嘴边留半句,不要什么都由你来说,教师要启发学生,让学生的脑细胞真正的动起来,为了回答你的问题去思考,这样他们才能感到有兴趣,如果他们说对了,会有一种强烈成功感和自豪感,就不会再感到上英语课难熬了。那么,如何做到“留半句”呢?
1.课文翻译,留半句。讲解课文和对话的时候,可以直接找同学翻译。如果文章较难,教师可以说前半句,后半句学生来说。他们的注意力便会跟着你走,跟着文章段落走,从而做到真正独立思考。
2.写句子,留半句。举例子说明知识点用法是,教师可把次要的词语写出来,留下几个空,让同学们来填全,他们会全神贯注,双眼紧盯黑板,大脑紧锣密鼓,嘴里试着说出想起来的词汇或短语。这时候你会感到智慧的火花在碰撞。而且学生们更愿意展示自己的才能与智慧。
I’m sorry to hear that you are not feeling well.I think you should ……
3.知识点,留半句。归纳总结知识点时,教师要使学生的注意力高度集中,使大脑这部机器飞速运转。
如:老师:plan__________学生:to do__________老师:would like__________学生:to do 老师:It is important__________学生:to do something
4.填单词,留半句。做练习时会遇上很多需要填写一个词的时候,教师千万不要一切包办代替。要让学生自己想,实在想不起来了,教师再给出提示启发他们。
如:Let’s make an invi__________(tation) for Teacher’s Day.