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近年来网络游戏产业发展迅猛,游戏产品和服务供给的各个环节逐步完善,产业链初步成形。网络游戏产生的机理是源于对高级化交互式数字娱乐的社会需求。需求拉动供给,并且为供给链各环节提供价值分享。网络游戏产业链各环节之间有着错综复杂的相互关联、相互依赖关系,上、下游之间存在扩张和整合的可能性。网络游戏产业模式的核心是运营模式,以及由此衍生发展收入模式、产品模式、技术进步模式、利益分配模式等。随着网络游戏的发展,一种新的信息业趋势也随之未来。本文首先介绍了网络游戏业的产业模式, 然后论述其代表的信息业网络运营商和内容提供商( ICP) 的紧密合作的新趋势, 最后对如何实现更好的合作提出建议。
课题意义:
游戏产业是文化产业中的重要领域。当前,网络游戏产业已经成为备受各方关注的新兴行业。据英国市调公司Juniper Research的最新一份调查报告指出,预计2011年全球游戏市场的整体产值会到达350亿美金,而游戏产业也会成为全球最大的娱乐产业,重要性远远超过电影、音乐等产业。随着互联网在我国的普及,中国网民的快速增长,网络游戏在我国已经逐步兴起,并成为一个高利润、快速发展的产业领域。网络游戏这个新兴的游戏产业,作为网络历史上最成功的盈利模式之一,网络游戏已带动信息业的新趋势的形成,日益显示出巨大的市场潜力。分析中国网络游戏产业的现状,以及相关信息业的新趋势,对于促进中国网络游戏产业的健康发展具有重要的现实意义。回顾和总结近五年来我国网络游戏产业研究的现状,分析存在的问题和未来研究的趋势,有着十分重要的理论意义。
主要任务:
1. 收集有关网络游戏的相关资料
2. 了解网络游戏产业,以及游戏产业带来的问题
3. 分析我国成功的游戏产业的成功因素有哪些
4. 依据这些因素,提出如何迈向信息业的新趋势
5. 新趋势发展对策的思考
面临问题:
1. 对论文的题目内涵了解不够深刻,很难找到论文的核心所在
2. 收集资料的范围太窄,不能全面的对校园文化进行深入的了解
3. 思路进入了误区,不能很好的打开思路
4. 对论文的结构框架不能很好的驾驭
5. 知识面不够广泛,使信息来源很有限
解决方法:
1. 找相关的书籍对题目的意义进行研究,通过分析和研究找到论文的核心所在
2. 利用空闲的时间在图书馆多看看相关方面的书籍和学术论文,增强自己的理论知识
3. 拜访在这些方面经验的人进行了解,使自己的思路能得到进一步的升华
网络营销是一种以消费者为导向,强调个人化的营销方式
网络营销最大的特点在于以消费者为主导。消费者将拥有比过去更大的选择自由,他们可根据自己的个性特点和需求在全球范围内寻找满足品,不受地域限制。通过进入感兴趣的的企业网址或虚拟商店,消费者可获取产品的更多的相关信息,使购物更显个性。
这种个性消费的发展将促使企业重新考虑其营销战略以消费者的个性需求作为提品及服务的出发点。但是,要真正实现个性营销还必须解决庞大的促销费用问题。网络营销的出现则为这一难题提供了可行的解决途径。企业的各种销售信息在网络上将以数字化的形式存在,可以以极底的成本发送并能随时根据需要进行修改,庞大的促销费用因而得以节省。企业也可以根据消费者反馈的信息和要求通过自动服务系统提供特别服务。
网络营销具有极强的互动性是实现全程营销的理想工具
传统的传统的营销管理强调4P(产品、价格、渠道和促销)组合,现代营销管理则追求4C(顾客、成本、方便和沟通),然而无论那一种观念都必须基于这样一个前提:企业必须实行全程营销,即必须由产品的设计阶段开始就充分考虑消费者的需求和意愿。
遗憾的是,在实际操作中这一点往往难以做到。原因在于消费者与企业之间缺乏合适的沟通渠道或沟通成本太高。消费者一般只能针对现有产品提出建议或批评,对尚处于概念阶段的产品难以涉足。此外,大多数的中小企业也缺乏足够的资本用于了解消费者的各种潜在需求,他们只能凭自身能力或参照市场领导者的策略进行产品开发。
而在网络环境下,这一状况将有所改观。即使是中小企业也可以通过电子布告栏、线上讨论广场和电子邮件等方式,以极底成本在营销的全过程中对消费者进行即时的信息搜索,消费者则有机会对产品从设计到定价(对采用理解价值定价法的企业尤为重要)和服务等一系列问题发表意见。这种双向互动的沟通方式提高了消费者的参与性与积极性,更重要的是它能使、企业的决策有的放矢,从根本上提高消费者满意度。
网络营销能满足消费者对购物方便性的需求,提高消费者的购物效率
现代化的生活节奏已使消费者用于外出在商店购物的时间越来越短。在传统的购物方式中,从商品买卖过程来看,一般需要经过看样棗选择商品棗确定所需购买的商品棗付款结算棗包装商品棗取货(或送货)等一系列过程。这个买卖过程大多数是在售货地点完成的,短则几分钟,长则数个小时,在加上购买为购买商品去购物场所的路途时间、购买后的返途时间及在购买地的逗留时间,无疑是大大延长了商品的买卖过程,使消费者为购买商品而在时间和精力上作出很大的付出。同时,拥挤的交通和日益扩大的店面更延长了消费者购物所耗费的时间和精力。然而,在现代社会,随着生活节奏的加快,使得人们越来越珍惜闲暇时间,越来越希望在闲暇时间内从事一些有益于身心的活动,并充分地享受生活。在这中情况下,人们用于外出购物的时间越来越少。
1.1 Background of this study 1
1.2 The current situation in oral English learning of non-English major students 1
1.3 Overview of the development of web-based study at home 2
1.4 The significance of the study 2
2. Literature Review 4
2.1 Definition of learning strategies 4
2.2 Classification of learning strategies 5
2.3 Studies on speaking learning strategies 6
2.4 Factors of influencing the choice of speaking learning strategies 8
3. The methodology 10
3.1 The subjects 10
3.2 Instruments 10
3.3 Data collection 11
3.4 Data analysis 11
4. Results and discussion 16
4.1 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies 16
4.2 Frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies. 16
4.3 Differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors 17
5. Conclusion 19
Acknowledgements 20
References 21
Appendices 23
1. Introduction
In this part, four sections are included. There are background of this study, the current situation in oral English learning of non-English major students, overview of the Internet development in China and the significance of the study.
1.1 Background of this study
With the fast development of society and the increasing openness to the world, the demands to communicate in English have been expanded to a large degree. College students are required to have a good competence in speaking before entering the society. But the fact is that the actual competence of college students in speaking is far from being satisfactory. It is necessary for us to improve the awareness of using strategies.
In the field of language learning and teaching over the last few decades, a prominent shift has taken place, resulting in great emphasis on learners and learning rather than teachers and teaching. The study of learning strategies has seen an “explosion of activity”. [1]105 In recent years although the history of research into speaking learning strategies is not very long, the study on speaking learning strategies can provide students with valuable suggestions on how to improve oral English in terms of accuracy, fluency, and complexity. Almost 15 researchers abroad have studied on speaking learning strategies. In China, Huang Xiaohua and Chen Sijin have done a great contribution to studies on speaking leaning strategies.
Nowadays, the development of computer science and technology and the prevalence of networks have deeply influenced people’s life, also the language study. However, there are still few researches on the web-based speaking learning strategies. The thesis attempts to make a study on web-based speaking learning strategies.
1.2 The current situation in oral English learning of non-English major students
In China, the teaching of English as a foreign language has been greatly influenced by the traditional education system. The traditional way still pay much attention to the examinations in schools, including colleges and universities either, rather than the application of language. Linguistic form is always the focus of both textbooks and language tests. Besides, under this model, one teacher is always in charge of many students in one class, so the teacher becomes the center of the class and there is little chance for the students to practice oral English. The English language learning is seen as a “knowledge-imparting” process and the English language learning is seen as a “knowledge-receiving’ process. Therefore, there is a misleading that English learners are regarded as passive recipients and do not need any initiative.
According to the investigation by Shi in 2000, college graduates who have strong speaking ability only account for 5%; those who are very weak in speaking account for 37%; those who are competent in international conference discussions account for 7% and those who are competent in foreign trade negotiations account for 14%. In spite of the fact that college students have a long history of learning English, the critical situation still not shift and the ability for the college students to speak English is far from satisfactory.
1.3 Overview of the development of web-based study at home
With the rapid development of computer science and technology and the prevalence of networks, people’s life has been influenced. According to “Survey Report on Internet Development in China” provided by China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC) in January 2007, study is the fourth main goal following getting entertained, making friends and getting resources. In English Learning Teaching, Multi-media Means have been also applied. No one can ignore the great influence of the Internet on people’s daily life, including English study. A lot of people have made full use of the Internet for English study, such as reading or listening global news, watching America or Europe movies or TV series, taking part in chatting rooms for English study, making frien ds from other countries online, etc.
Web-based study can make learning anytime, anywhere available, thereby providing the possibility for lifelong learning. It also changes the relationship between teachers and students and provides increased access to study. Besides, web-based study is a good way to improve the student's critical thinking and analytical skills. [2]245
1.4 The significance of the study
With the development of global integration and the increased frequency of international communication, new and higher requirements in English study are put forward for college students. Gradually, more and more non-English major students realize the importance of oral English study and try to find out ways to improve their own oral English to a higher level. However, due to the influence of traditional teaching methods, long-time examination-oriented concept and ignorance to oral English in people’s mind, the current situation of college students, especially non-English major students, in oral English is far from being optimistic. From 1960s, language researchers home and abroad have focused on the relationship between oral English study and learning strategies and made deep study on speaking learning strategies.
What’s more, the Internet and computer science has played a more and more important role in people’s life and influenced language learning further. It is evidently an admirable thing, but there is little guidance to the English study online. The study on web-based learning strategies is few, even the study on web-based speaking learning strategies is almost blank. Therefore, this paper chooses a certain amount of non-English major students in ZUST, and studies their present situation or problems during using speaking learning strategies online, hoping to help them to find a suitable way to study online and finally achieve the ultimate goal of improving oral English.
2. Literature Review
In this part, four topics are discussed respectively. They are: definition of learning strategies, classification of learning strategies, studies on speaking learning strategies, factors of influencing the choice of speaking learning strategies.
2.1 Definition of learning strategies
In most of the studies, speaking learning strategies are not separated from learning strategies. The general definition of learning strategies is “mental or behavior activity related to some specific stage in the overall process of language acquisition or language use.” [3]154 In the short history of researches on learning strategies, lots of researches abroad gave definition of learning strategies from perspective of their study. Here are some.
Weinstein and Mayer insist that learning strategies are the behaviors and thoughts that a learner engages in during learning. Learning strategies are intended to influence the learner’s encoding process. 54 The researchers above all think learning strategies are actions useful to language learning but differ in the way learning strategies work.
In 1990, Cohen defines learning strategies as learning processes which are consciously selected by the learners. The element of choice is important here because this is what gives a strategy its special character. These are also moves which the learners are at least partially aware of, even if full attention is not being given to them. 78
In addition, Tarone defines language strategies as “an attempt to develop linguistic and sociolinguistic competence in target language –to incorporate these into one’s interlanguage competence.” [11]65-66 Stern gives the definition as “best reserved for general tendencies or overall characteristic of the approach employed by the language learner, leaving techniques as the term to refer to particular forms of observable learning behavior.& rdquo; [12]57-58
2.2 Classification of learning strategies
2.2.1 Classification of learning strategies abroad
Learning strategies have been classified by many scholars. However, most of these studies do not differ much with each other. Here are three typical classifications:
In the classification of O’Malley and Chamots, there are 3 major types of strategies, namely, cognitive strategies, meta-cognitive strategies and social/affective strategies. [13]155 O’Malley and Chamot make the classification depending on the level or type of processing involved. The disadvantage of O’Malley and Chamot’s classification is that it has difficulties in its application because the definition of each strategies item seems to be a little vague.
The classification scheme provided by Oxford is believed to be the most comprehensive classification to date. Oxford divided language strategies into two major groups, namely, direct strategies and indirect strategies. [14]54-55
1) Direct strategies: Memory strategies, Cognitive strategies, Compensation strategies.
2) Indirect strategies: Meta-cognitive strategies, Social strategies, Affective strategies.
The classification by Oxford has been widely used and accepted.
Cohen, in his work Strategies in Learning and Using a Second Language divided learners’ strategies into two types: language learning strategies and language using strategies. [15]124 Cohen’s classification seems clear and easy to understand, but it is difficult to tell whether it is for language learning or for language use. Besides, his study did not pay attention to meta-cognitive strategies, while many researchers believe that meta-cognitive strategies are one of the most important strategies to language learning.
2.2.2 Classification of learning strategies in China
As we know, in most of the studies, speaking learning strategies are not separated from learning strategies. In China, many researchers have made great contribution to learning strategies. In order to have a good understanding of learning strategies, many researchers focus on the classification of learning strategies. Cheng& Zhen and Wen are two prominent researchers.
Cheng& Zhen put forward two classification schemes. The first one is based on the role that strategies play in the learning process. There are cognitive strategies, meta-cognitive strategies, affective strategies and communicative strategies. The second one is based on areas of language knowledge and skills. There are strategies for learning pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary and strategies for developing listening, speaking, reading and writing skills. [16]56
Wen draws a complete system for language learning strategies. In this system, language learning strategies are divided into two categories: the beliefs about language learning and the learning strategies. The former concerns a learner’s viewpoint about how to learn a foreign language, and these beliefs decide the learning strategies one uses. The latter is subdivided into two groups: management skills and learning skills. Management skills are usually related to the language materials, including making study plans, evaluating one’s progress, measuring and modulating one’s affective state and so on; while learning skills generally include how to acquire the abilities in listening, speaking, reading and writing, how to deal with new words, how to learn pronunciation and so on. [17]54
2.3 Studies on speaking learning strategies
2.3.1 Nature of oral English
Oral English is different from written English in many ways. Oral English is usually not pre-organized and neat as written English. The sentence in oral English is usually shorter, even not completed or simpler, sometimes wrong in grammar. Also, we can find that oral English is always much up-dated and could express speaker’s ideals by tones of voice, intonation and stress.
The words are being spoken as they are being decided and as they are being understood. Once spoken, they are gone. While the reader can reread, the listener can have memory problems that will lead to misunderstandings or a request for a repetition. Furthermore, the listener may miss a part of what was said, perhaps through noise, or a moment’s distraction. [18]85
2.3.2 Studies on speaking learning strategies abroad
With the further study of learning strategies, some researchers have made detailed study on speaking learning strategies. Speaking strategies, which are closely related to strategies as in McDonugh’s review, turned out to be a focus among researchers of SLA. L2 researchers on speaking strategies were always divided into two camps:
1) Socio-linguistically orientated researchers, such as Tarone, who considered such strategies as social interaction.
2) Psycho-linguistically orientated researchers, represented by Faerch and Kasper, who recognized them as part of a planning process.
Through employing the me thodology of interpreting transcripts of learners’ language,the two camps set a destination of ascertaining various lists of possible strategies available to L2 learners, which were separately described by Poulisse and Bialystok. [19]78-79
The most comprehensive project into speaking strategies was conducted at the University of Nijmegen by Kellerman, Bongaerts, and Poulisse in the 1980s. In these studies by the Nijmegen group, verbal report and other methods were used for investigating the situation of the use of L2 speaking strategies, especially those used in compensating for gaps in communicative ability.
O’Malley and Chamot conducted an empirical interventionist study, which “is one of the most comprehensive studies of learner strategies to date”. [20]65 After the test, the members who were given precise and clear training in meta-cognitive,cognitive,and social strategies and affective strategies improved significantly more than the controlled group.
Cohen, Weaver and Li investigated the effects of a range of speaking strategies on three tasks performed by university foreign language students: a self-description, a story retelling, and a description of a favorite city at University of Minnesota. In 2000, there are also three major studies reviewed by Cohen, which dealt with training of speaking strategies, founded on the categorization of speaking strategies. One study was conducted with a survey of 122 first-year and fourth-year students in the English Department at an Egyptian university,half students receiving the treatment and half in the controlled group. A second study involved 60 undergraduates in compulsory English for Arts Student course. 75
2.3.3 Studies on speaking learning strategies at home
From the early 1980s, researchers in China began to pay more and more attention to speaking learning strategies. A thesis named “An investigation of learning strategies in colloquial communication that Chinese EFL learners in China employ” was accomplished by Huang Xiaohua in 1984. In 1985, Huang Xiaohua took a further research on relationship between speaking strategies and speaking proficiency among seniors of English major in Guangzhou Foreign Language Institute. They found that the use of learning strategies was relative to increased language achievement or proficiency and learning strategies had been firmly affirmed to play an active role in language learning. [23]287-307
In 1990, Chen Siqing Published “A study of communication strategies in interlanguage production by Chinese EFL learners” in an international magazine—Language Learning. In the study, the frequency, type and efficiency of using communication strategies by twelve students of foreign language majors were observed and described. [24]24-26
2.3.4 Factors of influencing the choice of speaking learning strategies
During the recent studies on learning strategies, many researchers have found that the use of speaking learning strategies is affected by many factors. And the most common factors are age, language proficiency, learning style, learning beliefs, gender, motivation and culture.
1) Age has been found to affect the use of oral English strategies. Older learners often use complex, sophisticated strategies. Young children respond more readily and intuitively to language “acquisition” in social and communicative situations, while older learners can learn language more steadily by means of cognitive and academic approaches. [25]154
2) L2 proficiency Bialystock found that functional practice correlated significantly with second language proficiency in tenth graders, whereas functional practice, formal practice, and monitoring were related to L2 proficiency in twelfth graders. [26]25
3) Learning styles also affect the choice of L2 learning strategies. Learning styles make a big difference in choosing learning strategies or the learning behavior of an individual.
4) Learning beliefs, as researchers, Weden, Horwitz; Abranham and Vann; Gerardo; Pedro; Yang, suggested, play an important role in dictating the use of learning strategies.
5) Gender differences in the use of learning strategies are indicated by several studies of Oxford and Nyikos, Oxford and Green, Kaylani e.
6) Motivation is also important in successful second language learning. Gardner, D. & L. Miller are typical researchers. Schumann, Oxford and Nyikos, Ehrman and Oxford, Okada also concern much about motivation and learning strategies.
7) Culture may play an important role in shaping particular learning behaviors, as some researchers indicated. Researchers such as O’Malley, Politzer and McGroa try, Scarcella, Carson, Hino, Kohn, Carson and Nelson, Levine, Reves and Leaver and Parry make researches on it. [27]85
3. The methodology
The study was conducted to investigate the current situation of speaking learning strategies used by students from non-English majors who have oral English study online by means of questionnaire survey. The whole chapter is composed of the following components: the subjects, the instruments, data collection, data analysis.
3.1 The subjects
3.1.1 Purpose
The major purposes of the study are: 1) to study the frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies during oral English study online; 2) to find out the differences in the frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies; 3) to identify the differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors including gender, major, personality, self-rated proficiency level; 4) to point out that the positive use of speaking learning strategies online is helpful to the improvement of oral English.
3.1.2 Participants
The participants are 107 college students of non-English major in ZUST. They are from different majors and are respectively from science and arts. And also, they are from different grades of different levels.
3.2 Instruments
The questionnaire has been used to gather information on the speaking learning strategies used by students of non-English major who have oral English study online. The students are required to finish the questionnaire in 10 minutes. The questionnaire contains 30 questions, concluding 6 questions about meta-cognitive strategies, 4 questions about cognitive strategies, 6 questions about memory strategies, 4 questions about compensation strategies, 5 questions about affective strategies, and 5 questions about social strategies. It uses five scales ranging from A (“never”) to E (“always”). The latter letter indicates a more frequent use of the Internet or strategies. The first part of the survey questionnaire is for the status of using the Internet for oral English study in ZUST. The second part focuses on the use of six types of strategies. The detailed reflection of different speaking learning strategies used in oral English study online can be represented as below: 1) memory strategies, such as setting up nets of relationships, making use of image and sound, reviewing, acting and so on; 2) cognitive strategies, such as practicing, receiving, and conveying information, analyzing and inferring, setting up rules for inputting and output information; 3) compensation strategies, such as guessing, overcoming deficiencies of language knowledge in speaking and writing; 4) meta-cognitive strategies, such as focusing on key points of learning, arranging and planning learning, evaluating learning; 5) affective strategies, such as lowering anxiety, encouraging oneself, learning about one’s own state of affect; 6) social strategies, such as enquiring about questions, cooperating with others, sympathizing others. The questionnaire is in Chinese, in order to make the participants understand the items better.
3.3 Data collection
The students majoring in science, especially the students majoring in engineering and students majoring in arts of business trade and humanity in ZUST, take part in this survey. The survey conducted during a week in April in 2010. There are different methods or procedures to collect the data in the researches of speaking learning strategies, such as observation, interview, questionnaire, verbal report, diary, etc. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages as well. But considering time-saving principal and the conception of building an environmental society, this survey is made online. During this period, we contact 3 students majoring in engineering in ZUST and then other students to take part in the survey. The students are required to answer the questionnaire in 10 minutes. The participants are advised not to be so bad in English to guarantee the quality of the survey. Then the data will undergo descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics indicate the average level of the use of speaking learning strategies, the difference between two sets of scores, such as the relationship between some learners’ factors and the use of speaking learning strategies, such as gender, major, personality, self-rated proficiency, and the possibility and reliability of the data.
3.4 Data analysis
This paper analyzes the data collected in the research. Section one indicates the frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies during oral English study online. Section two shows the differences in the frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies. Section three provides the differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors including gender, major, personality, self-rated proficiency level. For the convenience of calculating, A (“never&rd quo;) to E (“always”) in the questionnaire count 1-5 scores gradually. And all use mean and Std. Deviation to make a contrast between each other and check the possibility of the results.
3.4.1 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies
Table 3.1 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies online and in real life
Category Online In real life
Overall strategies 2.50 4.02
Memory strategies 2.30 4.33
Cognitive strategies 2.57 3.04
Compensation strategies 2. 82 4.83
Meta-cognitive strategies 2. 53 3.12
Affective strategies 2.19 3.03
Social strategies 2.24 4.08
The table 3.1 above shows the mean scores of the use of speaking learning strategies online and in the real life respectively. It is clearly that the frequency of the overall use of speaking learning online only accounts 2.50, greatly lower than that in the real life, which holds 4.02. Besides, the respective scores of the use of different speaking learning strategies are relatively lower than that in the real life.
3.4.2 Frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies
Table 3.2 Frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies
Category Mean Std. Deviation
Memory strategies 2.30 2.29
Cognitive strategies 2.57 3.33
Compensation strategies 2. 82 4.91
Meta-cognitive strategies 2. 53 5.18
Affective strategies 2.19 3.43
Social strategies 2.24 3.07
The table 3.2 above shows the mean scores and std. deviation of the use of different speaking learning strategies online. As the survey shows, the most frequent speaking learning strategies used by students are compensation strategies, which accounts for 2.82. The latter two are cognitive strategies and meta-cognitive strategies, which accounts for 2.57 and 2.53 respectively. Affective strategies only have 2.19, which are comparatively low to the overall level.
3.4.3 Differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors
3.4.3.1 Use of the speaking strategies by different gender
Table 3.3 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies by different gender
Category Male Female
Overall strategies 2.33 2.67
Memory strategies 2.28 2.32
Cognitive strategies 2.53 2.61
Compensation strategies 2.51 2.55
Meta-cognitive strategies 2.49 2.57
Affective strategies 2.18 2.20
Social strategies 2.21 2.27
From table 3.3, we can see that there is no big significant difference in using memory strategies, cognitive strategies, compensation strategies, meta-cognitive strategies, affective strategies and social strategies between different genders. The overall strategies used by females hold 2.67, higher than 2.33 for males. The use of learning strategies by females is more frequent than the males. Also, the scores of respective speaking learning strategies by the females are always higher than the males.
3.4.3.2 Use of the speaking strategies by different majors
Table 3.4 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies by different major
Category Science Arts
Overall strategies 2.36 2.64
Memory strategies 2.25 2.35
Cognitive strategies 2.51 2.63
Compensation strategies 2.59 2.47
Meta-cognitive strategies 2.31 2.33
Affective strategies 2.15 2.23
Social strategies 2.19 2.29
From table 3.4, the overall use of speaking learning strategies by students from arts occupies 2.64, while the use of those from science occupies 2.36. The students from arts use speaking learning strategies a little more frequent than those of the science. Also, this contrast between males and females can be seen by the scores of each speaking learning strategies in the table3.4.
3.4.3.3 Use of the speaking strategies by different personalities
Table 3.5 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies by different personality
Category Extroverted Introverted
Overall strategies 2.50 2.42
Memory strategies 2.27 2.33
Cognitive strategies 2.58 2.56
Compensation strategies 2.56 2.50
Meta-cognitive strategies 2.28 2.34
Affective strategies 2.19 2.17
Social strategies 2.26 2.21
From table 3.5, the scores of the extroverted students and the introverted students are near the same. And it is not fixed that the scores of the extroverted ones are higher than the introverted ones by each strategies. The score of memory strategies by the introverted occupies 2.33, 0.05 higher than the extroverted. Also, we can see that the score of the meta-cognitive strategies by the introverted is 0.06 higher. There is no big difference in the use of the speaking strategies with different personality, but normally the speaking learning strategies used by the outgoing and confident students are more frequent, especially social strategies, affective strategies and compensation strategies.
3.4.3.4 The use of the speaking strategies by different self-rated proficiency levels
Table 3.6 Frequency of the use of speaking Learning
strategies by different self-rated proficiency level
Category High Medium Low
Overall strategies 2.53 1.61 0.89
Memory strategies 1.84 1.71 1.12
Cognitive strategies 2.19 1.97 0.98
Compe nsation strategies 1.51 1.57 1.90
Meta-cognitive strategies 2.57 1.63 0.83
Affective strategies 2.83 1.88 0.67
Social strategies 2.11 1.54 0.83
In this part, students are divided into three groups by self-rated proficiency level, namely, high, medium and low. Table 3.6 clearly shows that the strategies used by the participants are significantly and positively related to their proficiency level. The good students with higher-rated proficiency level use more speaking learning strategies and relatively the students with low-rated proficiency level use less speaking learning strategies. In addition, the compensation is often used by the ones who are relatively weak in English, which occupy 1.9 point in the table 3.6.
4. Results and discussion
4.1 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies
As the survey shows, the overall use of speaking learning strategies online is still low. The possible reason should be:
First, the college students have not thought high of or even realized the great potential and function of the net to learning. Although the Internet can capture students’ attention easily, it is not often used for study. Students are used to and willing to study in class or by textbooks or homework.
Second, even though a part of students realized the value of Internet to study, they do not know how to study. The further negative effect is that they lose the interest in oral English practicing easily. This may need the teachers to guide them and enlighten their mind with fleshing ideas, innovation and updated rich information about the ways to practice oral English on the Internet.
Third, there is no admirable and pleasant atmosphere for web-based study. As nearly all the students live in the dormitory, they are easily affected by each other. So, an environment full of interaction is advocated. The teachers or the students themselves could build some forums, unions or study groups to arise the atmosphere of study.
The last but not the least, the Internet has so much temptation to allure the students to have some entertainment. So, the Internet itself may reduce the speaking learning use. Students are always weak in self-motivated learning ability and ability to study independently online. As to this, the students themselves should pay more efforts on it.
4.2 Frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies.
From the data we can see that the most frequent speaking learning strategy used by students online is the compensation strategies. This may be the reason that the average oral English level of non-English major students is not high and a big amount of them is low. When they could not understand what the other talks about during the conversation, they will ask them to repeat or slow down the speed. Since the storage of their vocabulary is limited, when they could not remind of the words or sentences needed, they will choose other words or sentences to replace these words or sentences. And when they could not express themselves clearly, they will try to give examples to elaborate it.
The lower ones to compensation strategies in the survey are cognitive strategies and meta-cognitive strategies. It is gratified that students have an identifying goal of study in English learning and they also take advantage of the Internet resources under a pleasant condition by watching America movie or TV series or listening VOA, BBC, etc. They also try to seek the better way to improve oral English and have the ability to make arrangements.
Affective strategies, memory strategies and social strategies are comparatively lower in the data. Students are easy to be depressed about their oral English and sometimes have the thought to let it be. When confronted with new words on movies, TV series, websites, chatting online, etc, students will not write them down or try to find their meanings. Social strategies could contribute much but are limited by the traditional study habits online. Students have not formed the habits to practice English by e-mails, chatting rooms or other methods online.
4.3 Differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors
As we can see from the use of the speaking strategies by different genders, majors, personality, and self-rated proficiency level above, English learning factors do affect the oral learning inline.
As to the gender, females pay more attention to the use of speaking learning strategies and have more talents in language learning. Female students are not engaged in many entertainments such as games, etc. But both males and females should make best use of the advantages and bypass the disadvantages
As to the major, the scores of the students majoring in arts are conspicuously superior to the students majoring in science. The thinking pattern and the advantage of sharing emotion and social practice of the students majoring in art makes them superior in the use of speaking learning strategies, while the students majoring in science pay much on the technologies and data than language itself.
As to personality, the extroverted ones gain much. The extroverted personality always represents confident, outgoing and communicating or sharing much with others. The confident and outgoing ones always have a higher self-rated proficiency. If one is more confident and outgoing, then he or she will pay more efforts on how to improve oral English and gain more opportunity to have a communication with others.
As to self-rated proficiency, it is clear that the students with higher self-rated proficiency level use more speaking learning strategies and the students with lower self-rated proficiency level use less speaking learning strategies. In turn, the ones who use varied speaking learning strategies more frequently can always achieve better outcomes in oral English. But as the Internet is only one assisting tool to oral English learning, so, we can not say that it is definitely a deciding factor. But it is sure that frequent use of strategies do contributes to the results of the oral English learning.
At present, however, not too many students regard the speaking learning strategies important, and have not formed a good study mode online. So, I would like to bring up some advice for reference: 1)lowering anxiety and practicing step by step; 2)preparing and planning for using speaking learning strategies; 3)selecting and using proper and suitable strategies for yourself; 4)summarizing your oral study and making adjustments accordingly; 5)going outside and practicing more and more. How to get rid of the barriers of the negative factors and make full use of the positive ones is a wise but a difficult thing. Also, to make full use of the Internet in study and put the speaking learning strategies into the oral English study online are meaningful but still a long way.
5. Conclusion
The above discussion of study and research is by no means comprehensive but it deserves our study.
Nowadays, Internet is an interesting and fashionable thing to us. It has attracted our eyeballs for a long time and occupied plenty of our time as well. The introduction of Internet brings new vigor to teaching and learning process, but it also tends to be inefficient during the study. Thus, the frequency of using speaking learning strategies online is low. This requires the proper use of speaking learning strategies and efforts by the students.
As the study shows, the most frequent speaking learning strategies used online is compensation strategies. It may after all be accepted as a good way to circumvent the weakness in oral English, but not a good and long-time way to improve oral English level. Other strategies do deserve to use and have some requirements to the learners: the use of cognitive strategies and meta-cognitive strategies requires learners know how to make arrangements for study and have the ability to self-control during the study online. The study of affective strategies shows that an enterprising and perseverant mind is advocated in practicing oral English. Memory strategies request the learners to be more diligent and hardworking to English study. At last, the social strategies are functional and demand the students to explore more gateways of practicing oral English online.
It is evident that learners’ factors can easily affect the use of speaking learning strategies online and some factors can not be changed at once. But, if the learners could foster strengths and circumvent weaknesses, and absorb the shining points from the others, there will be a new look of oral English learning.
Speaking learning strategies is by no means helpful to the improvement of oral English, although this paper could not give affirmative support to it. But we can see that the good learners always use speaking learning strategies more frequently.
All in all, it is greatly expected that the learners could make full use of the website and speaking learning strategies during the study online and there will be a better atmosphere of practicing oral English online in the future.
Acknowledgements
My initial thanks go to my supervisor Louqing, who patiently supervised my dissertation and was at times very willing to offer me illuminating advice or suggestions. Without her help, I could not have finished this dissertation.
I am also indebted to other teachers and my classmates who have not only offered me their warm encouragements but also shared with me their ideas and books. They are Yangxue, Chenliang, Fanyanlong, wangbo and many others.
My greatest personal debt is to my grandparents and parents, who have cultivated a soul of sensitivity, hospitality, and honesty out of me, and offered a harbor of happiness and sweetness for me.
The remaining weakness and possible errors of the dissertation are entirely my own.
References
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[2]Tav angarian D.& Leypold M.E., Noiting K., Roser M. & Voigt D. Is e-Learning the solution for individual Learning?[D]Electronic Journal of e-Learning, 2004:245.
[3]Ellis, R. The Study of Second Language Acquisition[M].Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994:154.
[4]Weinstein, C & R. Mayer. The Teaching of Learning Strategies[M]. NewYork. Macmillan, 1986:74.
[5]Chamot, A. The Learning Strategies Handbook. NY[M]. Longman, 1987:96.
[6]Rubin, J. Language Learning Language Strategies: What every teacher should know[M]. Boston: Heinle & Heinele, 1990:156.
[7]Oxford, R. L. Variables Affecting Choices of Language Learning Strategies by University Students[M]. Modern Language Journal, 1989:24.
[8]Ellis, R. The Study of Second Language Acquisition[M].Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994:54.
[9]Cohen, A. D. Language learning: “Insights for learners, Teachers and Researchers”[M]. New York: Newbury House Publishers, 1990:67.
[10]Cohen, A.D. Weaver, S. & Li, T-Y. The Impact of Strategies-based Instruction on Speaking a Foreign Language[M].Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1998:78.
[11]Tarone, E. Some Thoughts on the Notion of “Communication Strategies” [J]. London: Longman, 1983:65-66.
[12]Stern, H. Fundamental Concepts of Language Teaching[M]. Oxford University Press, 1983:57-58.
[13]Oxford & O’ Malley. A Study of Learning Strategies in Foreign Language Instruction: First Year Report[M]. Rosslyn, Va.: Interstate Research Associates, 1987:155.
[14]Oxford, R.L. Language learning strategies: What Every Teachers Should Know[M]. New York: Newbury House, 1990:54-55.
[15]Cohen, A. Strategies in Learning and Using a Second Language[M].Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000:124.
[16]陈晓堂,郑敏.英语学习策略[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2002:56.
[17]文秋芳.英语学习成功之路[M].上海外语教育出版社,2003:54.
[18]Bygate, M. Speaking[M]. Oxford University Press, 1987:85.
[19]McDonugh, S.H. Strategies and Skill in Learning a Foreign Language[M]. London: Edward Amold, 1995:78-79.
[20]Ellis, Rod. Learning a Second Language Learning Through Interaction[M] Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1999:65.
[21]Nunan, D. The Learner-Centered Curriculum: a Study in Second Language Teaching[M]. Cambridge University Press, 1990:45.
[22]Dornyei, Z. On the teachability of communication strategies. TESOL Quaterly[M].TESOL Quarterly, 1995:75.
[23]Huang, X. H. & M. Van Naersson. Learning Strategies for oral communication[J]. Applied Linguistic, 1987:287-307.
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Appendices
浙江科技学院非英语专业大学生网上英语口语学习策略调查问卷
一、个人简况
姓名:
性别: A 男 B女
科别: A 理工科 B文科
你的性格特征: A内向 B外向
你认为你目前的英语综合水平: A很差 B一般 C优秀
二、网上英语口语学习策略调查
(元认知策略使用情况调查)
1、我寻求好的网上口语练习的时间和地点。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
2、上网学习时,我能把握上网学习的时间和内容。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
3、对于如何上网提高英语口语能力,在不同时期,我有明确的目标。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
4、我总在寻求更好的口语学习方法。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
5、我思考和评价自己的上网学习方法从而找出存在的问题和解决方法。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
6、在说话前, 我先把想说的话组织好再说。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
(认知策略使用情况调查)
7、我浏览各种英文网站、听英文录音VOA,BBC,. etc及看英文视频等,听和练习口语。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
8、在用英语聊天时,我会猜想对方下一句会说什么。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
9、听VOA,BBC,. etc 或欧美剧等英文视频时,我会模仿其说话方式、语音语调及用词。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
10、听VOA,BBC,. etc 或欧美剧等英文视频时,我会小声跟着说。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
(记忆策略使用情况调查)
11、我反复观看喜欢的欧美剧,以便加深印象。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
12、记单词时, 我会想到同根的词或近义词、反义词等相关词汇。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
13、在英文网站上遇到新单词我就猜它的意思。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
14、一遇到生词就查字典吗?
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
15、我把上网遇到的生词记在单词本上。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
16、我用金山词霸等网上字典在线查找生词的意义及用法。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
(补偿策略使用情况调查)
17、QQ聊或聊天室语音等方式交流时, 我会努力猜测TA接下去将说什么。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
18、QQ聊或聊天室语音等方式交流时, 当不懂对方所言时,会请求对方重复或放慢语速。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
19、QQ聊或聊天室语音等方式交流时, 当与别人交谈时想不起某个词 时, 我会使用同义词(组)。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
20、当不能表达自己时, 我会举例等方式进行解释。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
(情感策略使用情况调查)
21、在网络环境中害怕别人发现你英语方面的不足吗?
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
22、为了把口语说好,我经常自我鼓励。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
23、说英语紧张时, 我会想办法消除它。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
24、上网学习英语后,我的学习兴趣提高了。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
25、我会与家人、同学、老师等探讨口语学习的感受
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
(社交策略使用情况调查)
26、用英语写邮件或聊天时,我请对方纠正我的错误。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
27、通过网上交流很容易在学习上和同学结成朋友。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
28、必要时,交谈借助手势、表情等进行表达。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
29、交谈时,我把精力放在意思表达上。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
30、在口语表达时,我直接向对方表示自己遇到困难,向对方寻求帮助。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
浙江科技学院非英语专业大学生非网络状态下英语口语学习策略调查问卷
(元认知策略使用情况调查)
1、我寻求好的网上口语练习的时间和地点。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
2、学习时,我能把握学习的时间和内容。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
3、对于如何提高英语口语能力,在不同时期,我有明确的目标。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
4、我总在寻求更好的口语学习方法。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
5、我思考和评价自己的学习方法从而找出存在的问题和解决方法。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
6、在说话前, 我先把想说的话组织好再说。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
(认知策略使用情况调查)
7、我参加有利于英语提高的活动,听和练习口语。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
8、在用英语聊天时,我会猜想对方下一句会说什么。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
9、听英语时,我会模仿其说话方式、语音语调及用词。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
10、听英语时,我会小声跟着说。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
(记忆策略使用情况调查)
11、我反复朗读喜欢的英语文章,以便加深印象。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
12、记单词时, 我会想到同根的词或近义词、反义词等相关词汇。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
13、遇到新单词我就猜它的意思。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
14、一遇到生词就查字典吗?
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
15、我把遇到的生词记在单词本上。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
16、我会努力查找生词的意义及用法。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
(补偿策略使用情况调查)
17、英语聊天时,我会努力猜测TA接下去将说什么。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
18、英语聊天时,当不懂对方所言时,会请求对方重复或放慢语速。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
19、英语聊天时, 当与别人交谈时想不起某个词时, 我会使用同义词(组)。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
20、当不能表达自己时, 我会举例等方式进行解释。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
(情感策略使用情况调查)
21、害怕别人发现你英语方面的不足吗?
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
22、为了把口语说好,我经常自我鼓励。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
23、说英语紧张时, 我会想办法消除它。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
24、一番努力学习后,我的学习兴趣提高了。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
25、我会与家人、同学、老师等探讨口语学习的感受
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
(社交策略使用情况调查)
26、用英语聊天时,我请对方纠正我的错误。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
27、英语打开新的世界,结交更多的朋友。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
28、必要时,交谈借助手势、表情等进行表达。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
29、交谈时,我把精力放在意思表达上。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
30、在口语表达时,我直接向对方表示自己遇到困难,向对方寻求帮助。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
谢谢您的合作!
诚 信 承 诺
我谨在此承诺:本人所写的毕业论文《基于网络的英语口语学习策略研究》均系本人独立完成,没有抄袭行为,凡涉及其他作者的观点和材料,均作了注释,若有不实,后果由本人承担。
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【关键词】本科毕业设计(论文) 管理层级别 工作流程 校园信息化
【中图分类号】G642 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】1006-9682(2011)09-0039-02
本科毕业设计(论文)是本科生学习生涯培养计划中的重要组成部分,是培养学生综合运用大学四年所学的理论知识和基本技能,分析解决实际问题和历练初步科学研究能力的最重要课程。因此毕业设计(论文)在本科生教育中的重要性不言而喻。[1]《教育部办公厅关于加强普通高等学校毕业设计(论文)工作的通知》(教高厅[2004]4号)指出各类普通高等学校要进一步强化和完善毕业设计(论文)的规范化要求与管理,从时间安排、组织实施等方面切实加强和改进毕业设计(论文)环节的管理,决不能降低要求。[2]目前本科毕业设计(论文)工作进行还停留在手工管理阶段,并没有将毕业设计(论文)工作有效信息化;而在少数已经开展本科毕业设计(论文)工作网上实施的院校,基本上没有将本科毕业设计(论文)阶段的全程工作在网络上实施,只是将阶段性工作在网络上进行,并没有充分利用信息化和网络化的优势。
随着校园网络信息技术的发展与完善,现有的技术完全能够实现通过计算机网络将本科毕业设计(论文)信息化、网络化、系统化,实行全校统一管理。[3]本文将以哈尔滨工程大学本科毕业设计(论文)的多年网上实施与管理经验为基础,介绍本科毕业设计(论文)工作通过网络进行统一管理的相关内容。
一、毕业设计(论文)管理现状
传统的毕业设计(论文)管理模式主要存在以下问题:①毕业设计(论文)题目和任务书的不确定性。由于个别指导教师责任心不强,毕业设计(论文)过程中增、减或改题目和任务书现象严重,学生对题目的理解极差。②毕业设计(论文)题目重复使用,题目、内容缺少创新,而且学生容易产生抄袭往届毕业设计(论文)的现象。③毕业设计(论文)没有实现真正意义上的双选。毕业设计选题方式一般都由管理人员任意指定或者指导教师单向选择学生,没有考虑到学生的兴趣和以后毕业设计(论文)方向同就业的联系,毕业设计(论文)选题本应该是师生共同完成的。④毕业设计(论文)工作中师生交流不方便。由于时间工作限制,传统工作方式中,师生交流远远不够。⑤毕业设计(论文)工作不透明。传统工作方式不能完善的监控全体教师和学生的工作进度和质量。⑥毕业设计(论文)材料保存不方便。传统工作方式采用纸质材料保存,耗费了大量纸张和存放空间,而且极易丢失或损坏。材料的收集和统计也费时费力。
正因为传统的毕业设计(论文)管理方式存在以上诸多缺点,一些本科院校又没有意识到毕业设计在整个教学工作中的重要地位,没有很好的实施方式加强管理,毕业设计(论文)过程管理松懈,直接导致了毕业设计质量下降,又影响了本科毕业生能力的培养。
二、网络化的积极意义和实施的难点及对策
1.积极意义
随着计算机技术的发展,尤其是web应用系统开发技术的发展,各高等院校校园网建设发展迅速,办公室、学生机房、实验室等也已通过校园网实现了互连互通,这就为教学管理信息化、数字化、网络化提供了必要条件,通过改变传统的管理模式,运用信息技术进行科学管理,极大地提高了教学工作的效率。[4]将本科毕业设计(论文)的流程梳理清晰,合理设置各个过程阶段,全程化的本科毕业设计(论文)的网上实施与管理同样可以取得积极的成果。
在网络化管理的选题过程中,所有题目对学生公开展示,学生可以方便快捷的进行选题,老师可以有针对性地进行确认或拒绝,被拒绝的学生亦能及时进行重新选择其他感兴趣的题目。各项材料的提交和处理具有实时性,信息回复便捷,这便有效地提高了工作的效率和准确性。由于毕业设计(论文)各阶段的电子资料在网上系统都可随时查询,所以工作中各阶段的进度管理更加方便快捷,监控能力与工作效率得到了极大的改善。通过网络化毕业设计(论文)系统平台,学生可以每周通过网络平台提交周记,汇报毕业设计(论文)的工作进度和遇到的问题,指导教师同样可以通过网络平台及时的对学生的问题进行回复批阅。这在方便了指导教师对学生的指导、增进师生交流的同时,又提高了毕业设计(论文)工作的效率。
2.实施的难点及对策
对毕业设计(论文)工作的全过程实行高效地全程化管理,难点在于理顺各职能部门间的权限范围及时间重叠关系,并让各部门群体在互补制约的前提下协同工作,进而探索出完善的质量监控体系。[5]这里的职能部门涉及广泛,职能关系和工作范围在某一阶段是相互重叠的,关系复杂化、随机化,每个阶段都存在不同级别的验收与评阅签字等。上述内容,怎样合理、互不影响地同时交替进行,是本科毕业设计(论文)系统设计的难点。
为有效解决上述难点,在需求分析阶段详细记录好复杂的业务逻辑流程,保证工作流程的准确性,各个工作阶段在网络系统中体现为时间节点,校教务处负责人根据学校毕业设计(论文)管理工作规定,控制时间结点的开关,使得整个工作过程按序进行,系统设计前详细分析总结了各参与者在不同阶段的工作内容,设计中协调好各角色人员在各阶段的职能权限逻辑关系,达到互不影响。在多次反复论证、修改、测试通过之后,拿出本科毕业设计(论文)系统的具体工作流程框架。
三、本科毕业设计(论文)系统流程设计
构建网络化的本科毕业设计(论文)管理系统,首先根据本科毕业设计(论文)管理办法将本校的毕业设计(论文)工作流程详细划分为不同的实施阶段,各个角色在每一阶段都有各自的权限,数据库表中设置相应字段加以区分,并且通过设置时间节点分隔每一阶段流程。以哈尔滨工程大学本科毕业设计(论文)管理系统为例,将论文工作分成5个阶段。
1.立题阶段
各指导教师根据学院要求在网上提交一个或多个立题论证书,由院系各教研室或团队负责人对本团队教师提交的立题论证书进行审核,审核通过的题目才可以在选题阶段接受学生选题。
2.选题阶段
审核通过的立题论证书全部对学生开放,院系基层组织负责人将选题时间结点打开,学生申请自己所感兴趣的题目,等待相应的立题教师通过申请,如果教师通过该学生申请,则确立一对一的指导关系,如果教师拒绝该学生选择本题目,该学生可以再次申请选择其他题目。
3.开题阶段
选题阶段结束后,指导教师与学生确立了对应指导关系。指导教师提交任务书,任务书经院学术组织负责人审核通过后,学生根据指导教师下达的任务书内容认真撰写开题报告并提交。指导教师对所带学生提交的开题情况及开题报告进行评阅并网上签字确认。
4.中期阶段
由各院系负责人选择需要抽查进行中期答辩的学生百分比,借助系统随机抽取接受中期检查的学生,抽到的学生名单如果需要修改可以由学术组织负责人在线修改。通知需要抽查到的学生准备进行中期答辩,院系负责人对进行中期答辩的教师进行分组,并中期答辩信息,包括答辩时间、地点、答辩教师和学生名单。
5.答辩阶段
由各院系负责人以教研室或专业为单位,对参加答辩的指导教师和学生进行分组,并指派答辩组长及秘书,统计学生论文和答辩PPT上传情况及指导教师和评阅教师的评阅情况。指导教师对自己指导的学生论文进行评阅和评分。答辩组长把本组答辩学生分发给组内教师进行评阅,指定教师对分发到本人的学生论文进行评阅并评分。基层组织负责人网上公布答辩分组情况、答辩时间、地点,组织教师和学生现场答辩。各答辩组长在答辩工作结束后,网上提交答辩委员会评分表。
本科毕业设计(论文)工作的完成需要贯穿以上五个工作阶段,各个阶段紧密连接,互不重叠,这就需要若干时间结点加以控制。时间结点处于打开状态时,对应的功能模块是可用的,反之相应功能不能使用。校级负责人通过时间结点状态的开关可以有效控制各项工作的先后顺序,为各学院对本学院工作进度的统筹提供了有效的保障手段。
四、网络化管理成果分析
哈尔滨工程大学本科毕业设计(论文)管理系统自2008年投入使用。2008年首先在计算机学院试点使用,得到了学校的认可及学院教师和学生的好评。从2009年开始,校教务处开始在全校院系范围内推广和使用,现已承担了3届本科生毕业设计(论文)工作在线实施和管理任务。该系统从毕业设计工作的起始阶段开始对毕业设计工作的全过程进行动态管理。简化了学院领导管理任务,数据和材料实时更新,学生和指导教师交流更加便捷,大大提高了工作效率,使用结果表明本系统运行安全可靠,功能较全,能满足高校毕业设计网络管理的要求。为高校毕业设计指导和管理提供了新的模式。
五、结束语
毕业设计(论文)工作是高校实现培养目标的重要教学环节之一,是教学、科研与社会实践的一个重要结合点,是衡量高等教育质量的一项重要指标。[6]毕业设计(论文)在培养大学生进行科学研究基本训练和提高综合实践能力等方面,具有不可替代的作用,深入研究本科毕业设计(论文)工作的实质内容、改革过程化管理的相应环节或步骤是高校教师义不容辞的责任与义务。毕业设计网站是毕业设计教学改革的产物,充分发挥毕业设计网站的作用,能极大的提高毕业设计(论文)的管理与质量。相信本科毕业设计(论文)工作的全程网络化实施与管理不仅具有一定的推广价值,对校园信息化和数字化建设更具有重要的指导意义。
参考文献
1 郭 娟.毕业设计(论文)网络管理信息系统的构建[J].中国林业教育,2010(4):50~52
2 刘荣佩、史庆南、何蔼平、徐瑞东.毕业设计(论文)的质量监控与质量评估研究[J].昆明理工大学学报(社会科学版),2003(4):57~61
3 王 强、张治民.毕业设计质量评价体系的探讨和实践[J].华北工学院学报(社科版),2003(2):47~49
4 王建林、汪雪琴、王雅英等.本科毕业设计管理信息系统[J].电气电子教学学报,2008(6):103~104
【关键词】开放教育;毕业论文;质量;保障
1.开放教育学生毕业论文存在的问题及原因分析
1.1当前开放教育学生毕业论文设计存在的问题
(1)毕业论文设计作弊问题,主要有以下三种形式:第一种形式为论文全文或大部分网上抄袭,具体表现为直接全部抄袭网上的论文。甚至不加任何修改,或者大部分抄袭网上文章的内容,其拼凑的痕迹非常明显。第二种形式是购买论文,主要是通过网上或者非法中介提供论文,学生支付一定数目的金钱来换取论文。第三种形式是他人论文,这种形式主要是学生通过家人、朋友找到本专业的大学生、研究生或老师,来为学生论文。
(2)论文选题问题。尽管各省级电大对开放教育不同专业提供了许多论文选题的题目,但是一般多带有指导性,不是论文的直接选题。学生提交的论文通常表现为大题小作,且题目陈旧,新颖性、创新性较差,影响了毕业论文的质量。
(3)学生论文的论述和写作规范问题。学生的论述一般层次不分、语言套话、白话、13号居多,缺乏专业语言的严谨规范,在写作规范上,不能按照学术论文的要求来完成,不会使用引注和文献,甚至不会确定每个问题的名称用语和目录的级别问题等。
1.2当前开放教育学生毕业论文设计存在问题的原因影响开放教育学生毕业论文设计质量的原因是多方面的,归纳起来主要有以下三点
(1)学生自身的问题。由于开放教育的宽口径入学方式,很多开放教育专科学生由于在中专没有过论文写作环节训练,本科学生很多选择的是非原专业学习,因此,专业学术水平不高。(2)论文指导教师的问题。主要体现在两个方面:一是指导教师的责任心问题,丝毫不考虑指导论文的水平问题。二是论文指导教师本身的水平问题,如有的工作站的论文指导教师指导的专业方向根本就不是指导教师本人的专业方向,当然也就谈不上深入指导了。三是论文指导教师的知识层次的问题,指导教师对本专业的发展不够关注,知识陈旧,很难使自己指导的论文有新颖性和创新性。(3)开放教育工作站的问题。有的开放教育工作站为了保证自己的生源和学生毕业,对学生采取迁就心理,甚至放纵学生。鉴于开放教育学生论文设计质量存在的问题和原因,开放教育管理部门应对学生毕业论文设计引起足够的重视,针对存在的问题和原因,采取各种措施来提高学生论文设计的质量。
2.提高开放教育毕业论文设计质量的有效保障
2.1抓好毕业论文写作辅导,提高论文写作的规范性
由于开放教育的学生一般都没有受过科研写作训练,所以很多学生不知道如何进行毕业论文设计和查阅文献,因此,万方数据必须对学生进行毕业论文设计的写作辅导。在写作辅导中以讲座的形式向学生讲授什么是论文,论文的一般要求,如何撰写论文.论文与总结、调查报告的区别,如何设计论文的结构和论文各级标题的名称,以及如何查阅文献和使用文献,如何引注,论文设计的格式规范等。在写作辅导中,要以具体的范例向学生进行说明,便于学生理解和接受。
2.2把好毕业论文开题关,为论文写作打好基础
在学生知道如何进行毕业论文设计以后,教师要对学生选定的问题进行辅导,通常学生选定问题较大或者缺乏针对性,这就需要教师帮助学生确定选题。在教师帮助学生确定论文选题后,就要让学生设计论文开题报告,主要包括选题的目的和意义及研究现状、论文提纲、参考的文献、研究过程的进度和时间安排等。通过论文开题,保证了学生论文选题的合理性,为学生下一步写好论文打下基础。
2.3充分利用网络交流平台,全程辅导学生论文设计
学生论文写作过程中教师可以充分利用网络平台来对学生论文写作过程进行全程辅导。在实践中可以利用“人人网”或QQ的及时交流反馈功能进行辅导和反馈,教师及时辅导学生在论文写作中出现的问题,为学生提供帮助。通过指导教师的全程辅导,学生在完成论文过程中要多次提交论文稿,可以有效杜绝学生论文和购买论文作弊现象,而且通过学生进行多次修改也提高了学生毕业论文的写作水平。利用网络平台论文指导交流,指导教师可以充分利用晚上和周末时间和学生进行交流,这样能有效地保证学生毕业论文设计的质量。
2.4有效应对论文作弊,保证论文质量
如前所述,当前开放教育学生论文设计存在的主要问题就是作弊问题,为了有效防止学生的论文作弊问题,指导教师要通过辅导来防止学生论文作弊,学生的开题题目和论文提纲一经确定,不得随意更改;还有通过和学生论文就写作过程的交流,可以发现学生对论文的把握和理解,如果学生根本不能回答教师在辅导中提出的问题,则学生很有作弊的可能。
3.进一步提高开放教育毕业论文设计质量的建议保证开放教育学生毕业论文的质量不是一个工作站、一个地区的问题,而应该是整个开放教育的问题,在上述措施实施的同时,还应在以下四个方面加以完善
3.1严格指导教师的选定.在学生毕业论文的设计中,指导教师起着至关重要的作
用,是保障学生毕业论文质量的关键,因此,学生毕业论文指导教师的选定是一个极为重要的问题。毕业论文指导教师一般应该从各级开放教育工作站附近高校相关专业的教师中选定,建立论文指导教师人才库,要求论文指导教师具有较高的学术水准和高度的责任心,并建立竞争选用机制,这样可以充分保证毕业论文指导教师的质量,进而为学生毕业论文质量提供保证。
3.2网络平台的开发应用
网络技术的发展为人们交流提供了极大的方便,因此,网络技术也应运用到开放教育的毕业论文设计中,可以由省级电大建立一个专门的学生毕业论文写作过程管理与监控系统网络平台,并为各教学点和工作站提供专用窗口,这样共同实现对学生毕业论文的管理,有效地提高学生毕业论文的质量。
3.3毕业论文规范标准的制定
中央电大作为远程开放教育的主管单位,应按照专业方向制定毕业论文的标准规范,并统一标准,再由各级省级电大制定毕业论文设计实施细则,这样从管理上就有了毕业论文设计的统一标准和规范。
3.4三级论文把关制度严格论文淘汰制
为了严格论文的管理和评审,还应建立严格的论文评审和答辩制度,在指导教师辅导学生论文给出初评成绩后,应再设立一级论文评审组评审,由评审组给出评审成绩。第三级环节为论文答辩,所有学生的毕业论文要全部参加答辩。综上所述,由于开放教育学生毕业论文设计存在着诸多问题,因此,必须采取有效的措施来提高开放教育学生毕业论文设计的质量,保证开放教育的质量,促进开放教育的发展。使开放教育一直保持较好的社会声誉和影响力。
【参考文献】
[1]姜昕.高校远程教育毕业论文质量探索[J].中国科教创新导刊,2008,(29):169.
[2]梁红丽.现代远程教育毕业论文工作现状分析与对策研究[J].湖南广播电视大学学报,2006,(4):28-30.
【关键词】远程开放教育 毕业论文 管理系统 ASP
远程开放教育是利用计算机网络技术和多媒体技术所建立的具有双向交互功能的教学平台进行教学的一种教学形式,是高等教育的重要组成部分,在高等教育大众化以及普及化阶段扮演着重要角色。在远程开放教育的教学环节中,毕业论文是完成专业培养目标中的最重要的教学环节,也是培养学生综合运用所学的基本理论和知识去解决实际问题的能力的重要手段。随着计算机网络的普及和各个院校的校园网络的日益完善,各远程教育院校已广泛采用远程教育平台开展课程教学,但采用网络平台进行毕业论文指导环节的目前来看还比较少,基本还是采用传统面授的指导模式。为了提高该教学环节的工作效率,打破传统的面对面毕业论文指导模式,本文设计了一种网上毕业论文管理系统。经过实践,该系统可以为学生、教师、班主任和管理员提供一个交互平台,规范了教师、班主任及管理人员在论文指导过程中的管理工作,极大地提高了教师、学生、班主任和管理人员的工作效率。
1 系统分析
本系统是根据地市级广播电视大学(简称电大)开展远程开放教育的实际,涵盖了学生的毕业论文教学环节的全过程,实现了学生分组、论文选题、毕业论文相关文档的提交与管理以及成绩统计与管理等功能。
1.1 系统需求分析
该系统是针对地市级电大毕业论文管理的现状,坚持“以服务学生为中心”的办学理念,解决论文辅导具体业务的网络化与自动化,达到利用该平台进行毕业论文的选题、提交、指导、评价与查询等具体业务的自动化管理目的,为支持电大师生网上非实时毕业论文辅导教学活动提供了互动平台。该系统主要针对地市级电大远程开放教育的学生,因此用户群主要定位有四种,分别是系统管理人员、班主任、学生和指导老师。系统管理人员主要是完成系统数据维护、各类用户权限的分配、系统安全维护等。班主任主要是负责学生分组、督促与查看学生论文进度情况、统计班级论文完成情况和沟通联系学生等。学生主要是根据时间节点完成毕业论文的选题、论文初稿的提交、查看指导老师的评语、修改论文、提交终稿等。指导老师主要是布置毕业论文选题、审核选题、跟踪查看学生论文、写出修改意见与评语、给出论文成绩等。由于针对的是四种不同类型、不同权限的用户,因此该系统必须具备友好的用户界面、简单的操作流程和专业的管理模式,这样才能使系统的所有使用人员经过简单的业务培训就能很好地得到应用。
1.2 业务流程分析
地市级电大毕业论文工作的一般业务流程是:教学管理部门(教研室)毕业论文指导任务;毕业班班主任根据本班学生情况进行分组并分配指导老师;指导老师与班主任组织学生开会并毕业论文选题范围;学生进行选题;指导老师查看选题并同意撰写初稿并提交给指导老师;指导老师审核,这样反复几次后,最终定稿,并给出初评成绩。教学管理部门负责整个流程的监管。鉴予此,本系统的主要工作业务流程如图1所示。
1.3 总体功能分析
设计开发网上毕业论文管理系统的目的是利用计算机网络解决师生论文辅导存在时空矛盾的关键问题,同时还可以利用计算机强大的管理统计功能对论文进行有效管理,从而提高师生和管理人员的工作效率。在实际工作的调研过程中发现,网上毕业论文管理系统主要涉及学生管理、论文选题、论文提交、论文评价、论文查询与统计等几个方面。根据这几方面数据管理上的需求,把系统分以下几个模块:系统用户管理、学生分组管理、选题管理、论文文章管理、成绩管理。系统总体功能模块结构如图2所示。
系统用户管理:用户分为管理人员、班主任、教师和学生。每个用户根据自己的角色拥有不同的权限。例如管理人员和班主任可以查看每个指导老师对学生毕业论文的指导进度。指导老师只能查看自己所指导学生的进度和相关信息等。该功能模块就是实现对各种不同权限用户的管理,如输入与修改用户基本信息等。
学生分组管理:这个功能主要是针对班主任的。班主任根据教务部门的要求按照学生人数和指导老师的数量进行学生分组,指定学生的论文指导老师。之所以对学生进行分组并指定指导老师,是为了便于教学部门监管教师与学生之间的论文指导工作。
选题管理:该功能模块是实现毕业论文题目的与查看、选题查询、学生选题、更改选题、审核选题等功能。毕业论文题目可以由指导老师进行并限定选题人数,也可以由学生自己命题由指导老师审核。经审核后毕业论文题目进入指导老师的选题库,该指导老师所带的学生都可以查看并进行选题。当学生选题人数超过毕业论文限定选题人数时,就要求指导老师要进行筛选,并指定学生进行重新选题。
论文文章管理:本系统采用上传与下载的文章管理方式来实施论文指导过程。具体实施方式是学生上传文章给指导老师,指导老师查看并下载文章,然后指导老师线下评阅文章并在文章中标注修改意见,然后把标注有修改意见的文章上传给指导老师,重复该过程直至论文定稿。
成绩管理:该模块主要是实现教师对学生的毕业论文进行评分、并录入或修改学生成绩,按照指导学生的论文进行指导小结的录入等。
辅助交流管理:该模块主要是实现指导老师信息的、学生提问、老师答疑、师生互动讨论等功能。
2 系统主要模块实现
本系统是基于ASP三层架构进行开发的,前端开发工具采用HTML+CSS+JavaScript,后端开发工具采用,整体开发环境为ASP+IIS6.0+Access2003。操作系统是Windows server 2003,服务器采用其内置Web服务器IIS6.0。系统客户端通过IIS6.0与ASP应用程序进行联接。底层数据库系统开发采用Access2003,因为Access2003与Windows操作系统系统及ASP环境之间具有很好的兼容性。
2.1 用户管理模块实现
本系统涉及到多个用户,每个用户拥有不同的权限,管理员用户具有最高权限,包括所有设置、创建编辑所有用户权限。不同权限用户登录系统后产生的界面不同,因此系统的访问控制机制非常重要。本系统的访问控制机制是:给每张表每个模块赋予一个ID,并根据用户权限把ID写入用户数据信息表字段中,当用户登录系统时,先读取用户数据信息表,然后根据数据表中的字段里所包含的ID号来显示相应的用户管理界面。
2.2 选题管理模块实现
选题管理模块主要包括我的选题列表、添加选题、批量导入选题、选题确认修改、导出我的选题和所有选题构成。我的选题列表主要列举出可供选题的题目和相关选题细节,并供学生进行选题;添加选题主要是实现教师或学生添加论文题目,教师可以批量导入或导出选题信息,而学生只能添加一个自己的选题并选择所添加的选题。添加选题界面如图3所示。
2.3 文章管理模块实现
文章管理模块主要包括文章上传与文章下载功能。文章上传功能可以实现将文章上传给指定某个用户,如图4所示。例如,当指导老师点击文章上传按钮时,会显示该指导老师所指导的所有学生,然后可以选择某位学生,把文章上传给该学生。文章下载功能可以实现定位下载功能,例如点击文章下载,会显示所有该指导老师所指导学生上传的文章,点击某篇文章就可以下载该文章。
2.4 成绩管理模块实现
成绩管理模块主要有录入初评成绩、录入评审成绩、指导小结和查询导出功能。录入初评成绩是指导老师根据指导论文的质量给学生录入定稿成绩;录入评审成绩是指定的评审老师对学生论文评定成绩进行评审,并录入评审成绩。指导小结是供指导老师填写小组的指导小结;查询导出是实现查询或导出所选学期、所选班级的全部指导论文。
3 结束语
远程教育网上毕业论文管理系统是为了解决电大学生在毕业论文指导过程中遇到的工作效率低、交互性差、时空矛盾严重等问题,而采用ASP+IIS6.0+Access2003等技术设计开发的一个非常实用的管理系统。通过学校近几年的使用,该系统能够实现多班级选题管理的具体化、直观化、规范化,指导论文的网络化、合理化和公开化,很好地促进了学生与指导老师之间的互动交流,极大地提高了毕业论文指导的工作效率。
参考文献
[1]李莹.远程开放教育辍学研究:结论与反思[J].开放教育研究,2014,20(3):79-87.
[2]毛林,田林,谢汶.基于Internet的网上论文辅导系统设计与研究[J].中国远程教育,2010(11):58-61.
[3]覃发兵,葛玉辉.基于Java Web组件技术的毕业设计管理系统[J].计算机应用,2010,30(1):321-323.
[4]徐远棋,曾海.网上毕业论文管理系统的设计与实现[J].微型电脑应用,2013,29(10):42-44.
[5]陈永强,谢维成,李茜.ASP数据库开发经典实例精解[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2006.
[6]曾小平,吴暾华.本科毕业设计管理系统的设计与实现[J].微型机与应用,2011,30(18):83-85.
作者简介
熊子东(1984-),男,广东省梅州市人。硕士学位。现为梅州市广播电视大学教技科科员。
张志方(1967-),男,广东省梅州市人。硕士学位。现为梅州市广播电视大学教技科主任。
曾三明(1979-),江西省赣州市人。大学本科学历。现为梅州市广播电视大学教研室主任。
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关键词: 经济管理类本科 毕业论文指导模式 存在问题 重构
近年来,高校大规模扩招及本科学生就业形势严峻,学生为了能在限定的时间内找到一份满意的工作,就把毕业论文放在了从属地位,加上用人单位很少关注毕业论文,更造成了学生对毕业论文的怠慢心理,致使本科毕业论文质量日趋下降。其中,经济管理类本科毕业论文的质量更是令人担忧。
一、经济管理类毕业论文指导模式中存在的问题
目前,在高校毕业论文指导环节中普遍存在一些问题,主要集中在如下方面:
1.指导时间偏少。
本科生的毕业论文指导工作,基本上都是从大四第一个学期开始,有些院校可能提前一点,也是从大三第二个学期才启动,而这个学期本科生的上课压力比较大。当他们刚刚对毕业论文有一些想法时,考试又将他们的想法打断。到了大四,各种求职、考试等压力扑面而来,到他们真正安心写作毕业论文时,距离毕业时间已经不多了。因此,从大三第二个学期开始毕业论文的指导,已经是比较晚了,表面看起来还有一年时间,可实际有效时间不到两个月。这时,指导教师指导基础较弱的学生,他们被提升的空间已经很小了。
2.整体指导的策略。
现行毕业论文的指导模式从指导策略上来看,属于一种整体指导。这种模式是指导教师从多方面指导本科生的毕业论文,包括论文的主题、结构、表达和学术创新等。这种指导模式的结果是,学生自己不努力收集资料进行论文写作,大部分甚至全部依靠指导教师。这样的指导策略,使指导教师非常辛苦,而本科生毕业论文的质量却呈逐年下滑的趋势,期望学生通过写作毕业论文培养其独立分析与解决问题的能力的目标没有达到。
3.缺乏奖惩措施。
指导教师指导完本科毕业论文,答辩委员会打过分之后,本科生的毕业论文就被束之高阁。某个学生的毕业论文是否真的应得某个分数,毕业论文有没有抄袭的成分,也就没有人去关注了。由于没有明确具体的监督和奖惩制度,指导教师、本科生和有关的管理部门对毕业论文实质上都是不太重视的。在这种情况下,指导教师对本科生毕业论文的重视程度必然会有所下降。
二、经济管理类毕业论文指导模式的重构
针对上述经济管理类毕业论文指导模式中存在的问题,笔者认为,应该对经济管理类毕业论文指导模式进行重构,主要表现在以下方面:
1.指导教师和学生之间进行“双向选择”。
目前,大多数高校对毕业论文采用的都是配给制,即由学院将学生平均分给每个教师指导,很容易出现学生的选题方向不是指导教师的研究范围,给指导教师带来困难。如:无法把握选题的意义,无法判断使用材料的准确度,无法判断论文有没有新见解,无法判断论文是否具有实用价值,等等。这样,指导教师只能从形式上予以指导,论文的质量很难把握。因此,要提高本科毕业论文的质量,必须打破这种配给制,实行师生互选的制度,优化指导工作。笔者认为,具体操作可以这样:首先,征集学生的选题或选题方向,然后按学科方向将学生划分到不同的学科,由教师来选择学生;教师选定以后将结果反馈给学生,学生如果对教师不满意,可以提出来换指导教师。在“经济管理类本科的毕业论文调查问卷”中,有这样一个问题:你希望毕业论文课题分组应采取的方式?78%的学生反映,希望教师和学生能够进行双向选择。因为,无论是教师还是学生都已经对对方有所了解,尤其是教师,他在选学生的时候就考虑到了自己能不能指导学生提交的选题。所以,双向选择是一种优化毕业论文指导工作的方式,也是提高本科毕业论文质量的一种切实的制度保证。
2.对学生采用习惯培养的方式。
前已述及,本科毕业论文的写作一般都安排在第四学年集中进行。这种突击战必须以学生训练有素为前提。因此,笔者认为,要提高本科毕业论文的质量与水平,必须科学安排、强化平时训练、循序渐进、变突击式为习惯性培养式。当我们取消了年度论文的教学方式后,必须找到一种替代的方式,平时训练这一环不能少。笔者认为,可以落实到学科课程的教学中去,通过加强学科课程平时作业的学术性训练,既可以在平时的练习中作要求,也可以撰写学术述评或学科课程论文的形式予以强化。在一门学科课程结束时,或要求学生就学科课程中的某一问题研究现状进行梳理,加以评价,或提交有自己一定见解、符合学术规范的学科论文。这样不仅可以培养学生刻苦钻研、发现和解决问题的能力,而且可以形成良好的学风。
3.采取多渠道的指导模式。
所谓多渠道指导模式,就是以网络指导为主体,辅之以传统的课堂教学指导和学生课外学术活动引导。具体实施如下:第一,在正式写作毕业论文之前,充分利用计算机网络。实行见面与不见面相结合的指导方式,使师生间的交流渠道变得畅通。通过网络,可以实现师生适时异地交流,同时也可通过电子邮件实现异地不同步的及时交流。第二,将本科生的毕业论文与传统的课堂教学有机联系起来。通过调查我们发现,现在的本科生毕业论文写不好,是因为期刊论文读得少,理论基础薄弱,因此,教师在课堂上应多讲期刊论文的前沿动态。同时,教师要结合自己的课程和自己的论文写作经验,向本科生谈论文该如何选题、如何查找资料、如何选用相关理论等。第三,利用各种学术活动激发本科生的学术兴趣和论文写作能力。如,院系进行教工的学术论文或教研论文研讨会,邀请本科生参加。
本科毕业论文是学生创新素养与学识水平的一个重要的标志。但这种教学方式是以精英教育为背景的,它与当今高等教育大众化的情势并不十分贴近。在高等教育大众化的前提下,必须优化指导、相互协调,对经济管理类毕业论文指导模式进行重构。从而,切实提高本科论文的质量,提升高校的教学水平。
参考文献:
[1]胡小燕.本科毕业论文(设计)质量滑坡原因分析及对策[J].科技广场,2005,(11).
[2]冀满祥.本科毕业论文(设计)质量监控的实践与思考[J].山西农业大学学报:社会科学版,2005,(2).