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高中英语语法大全精选(九篇)

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高中英语语法大全

第1篇:高中英语语法大全范文

关键词:一词多义;一词多用;as的用法;归类;例句;例题

中图分类号:G623.31

高中英语中,牢固掌握as的用法十分重要。为了更好地认知、理解和运用as,现就as的用法做一总结归纳,愿与共同商榷、改进。

1. as做介词

(1).好像(某人): He dressed as a policeman.

(2).当作,作为:①. He treated me as a friend. ②. As a student, you should study hard.

2. as做副词

as... as... 结构:用于副词和形容词之前,以构成比较句型:He is as tall as his father.

注意:省略了的as:

以下举例说明:

The pianos in the other shop will be _____, but _____.

A.cheaper; not as better B. more cheaper; not as better

C.cheaper; not as good D. more cheap; not as good

本题考查形容词的比较级用法。as+原级+as... 否定为:not as/so+原级+as... 根据上下文可采用省略形式,即可省略第二个as。该题题意是"另一家商店的钢琴会便宜些,但不如这家商店的好。"可知but 后应为否定的原级比较"not as good as those in this shop"。又因cheap的比较级形式是cheaper,不是more cheap, 故答案为C。

3. as做连词

(1).在...期间,当...的时候:。 I watched her as she combed her hair.

(2).由于,因为。引导原因状语从句:。 As you weren't there, I left a message.

(3).引导让步状语从句 (=although),从句倒装。

①.Child as he is, he knows a lot. (=Although he is a child, ...)

②.Young as he is, he knows a lot.

③.Try as he may, I don't think he can succeed.

④.Much as I like the car, I can't afford it.

(4).如同,按照。引导方式状语从句。

①. When in Rome, do as Romans do.

②. Why didn't you catch the last bus as I told you to?

(5).引导倒装结构句式,意为"......也一样"。

Our eating habits have changed, as has our way of life.

所以上句可理解为:

Our eating habits have changed, and our way of life has changed, too.

再举两例:

She is tall, as are both her parents.

He is a doctor, as ____ his wife before she had children.

A. was B. is C. did D. does 答案:A

4. as作关系代词

关系代词是用来引起定语从句的。它一面代表定语从句所修饰的那个名词(或代词),一面又在从句中担任一个成分,如主语,宾语,表语或定语。常见的关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which.但在高中英语中,我们要特别注意:as也可以用作关系代词。

关系代词as:

(1).引导限制性定语从句,常和 the same, such, so, as 等连用:

①.Such books as you bought are very useful.

②.I have the same trouble as you (have)

③.It's as pleasant a film as I have ever seen.

④.She is so clever a girl as we all like.

注意:the same 后的关系词还可为that, 试比较:

①This is the same book as you bought.(同一类)

②This is the same book that you bought.(同一个)

(2).as引导非限制性定语从句和which 的区别:

位置:as引导的从句可以放在句前,句中或句尾, 而which引导的从句通常放句尾.

指代:as指代主句内容,而which可指代主句也可指代先行词.

语义:as可译为"正如,正像",而which无语义。

①.As we all know, china is a country with a long history.

②.He opposed the idea, as could be expected.

③.Cyprus, as you know, is an island in the Mediterranean.

④.He gave me a book, which is about American history.

⑤.We have to go to school on Sundays, which we don't like.

破解:as与that:

现就针对一道选择题来体现和对比as的关系代词用法。

There was so big a stone______nobody could lift.

A.that B.which C.as D.so that

[解析]此题中,由题干中的so和四个选项可以看出,应用有关so...that.../so...as...(as作定从的结构)。而不简单是一个定语从句。所以B项排除,而D项so that表示①为的是,以便。②结果,因此。是一个连词。从句法和题意上都不符,所以排除。

要在A、C两项做出选择,就要分析一下so...that...结构和so...as...结构中that和as用法的区别。

在so+adj+an/a+n.+that...(如此 ... 以致于)。such an/a+adj+n.+that... 中 that是一个连词,在从句中不作任何成分。

eg.She told us so interesting an story that we all forgot about the time.

由此可见:此题如果要选用so...that... 结构,题干中应加 "it",因为lift缺宾语:

There was so big a stone that nobody could lift it.

而在so+adj+an/a+n.as...结构中,as则是前面所提到的关系代词用法,引导一个定语从句,指代stone, 在从句中作lift的宾语。所以此题选C。

俗话说熟能生巧。只要我们及时总结,细心琢磨,潜心研究,一定会娴熟掌握as的各种用法。

参考文献:

1.人教版高中英语教材

2.河北人民出版社《高中英语同步训练》

3.牛津高阶英汉双解词典

第2篇:高中英语语法大全范文

[关键词] 非谓语动词;属性;功能;时态;语态;特性

英语非谓语动词是贯穿整个中学阶段的必修英语知识要点:教育部制定的最新《义务教育英语课程标准(2011年版)》在“语言知识分级目标”中将“非谓语动词”的部分内容列为初中阶段必修的英语“语言知识”,而与初中英语课程相衔接的《普通高中英语课程标准(实验)》则将“非谓语动词”的全部内容都增列为高中英语必修的“语言知识”要点,并在附录部分的“语法项目表”中以显著位置分项标注。因此,非谓语动词是整个基础教育阶段中学英语教学的必修重点和难点,也是该阶段各级各类英语测试关注的焦点和重复的考点。非谓语动词是处于英语词法中心地位的动词的一种特殊形式,是英语动词理解与应用的起点、支点和拐点。非谓语动词不仅具有多维的形式功能,是构成英语时态、语态和语气的必要条件,而且具备强大的表意功能,在句中可充当多种句子成分,辅助谓语动词共同完成英语语言的句法、语义和交际需要。非谓语动词的核心要点可解析为环环相扣、层层递进的五个逻辑层面,即属性、功能、时态、语态和特性,五位一体,展示出其区别于外部谓语动词属性的普遍的共性特征和区分内部彼此细微功能差异的独特的个性特征(见表1)。

一、非谓语动词的属性

现代英语语法一般倾向于将动词的形式概括为六种,即动词原形、三单式(一般现在时中主语为第三人称单数时的动词形式)、过去式、不定式(to+动词原形)、动词的-ing形式(包括传统语法中的动名词和现在分词)和动词的-ed形式(过去分词)。前三种可以独立作谓语,通常称为“动词的谓语形式”或简称为“谓语动词”;后三种不能独立作谓语,通常称作“动词的非谓语形式”或“非谓语动词”。顾名思义,非谓语动词(Non-finite Verbs或Non-predicative Verbs)是一个与谓语动词(Finite Verbs或Predicative Verbs)相对应的语法概念,具有区别于谓语动词的另类属性和特征。非谓语动词的内在共性特征使其具备丰富的形式辅助功能、多维的句法修饰功能和强大的意念表达功能,是构成英语时态、语态和语气的必备要件,是学习、理解、掌握和应用英语动词的语法支撑点和难度转折点,最终影响和决定英语语言学习的精确度和娴熟度。

二、非谓语动词的功能

英语非谓语动词在整体上具有动词、名词、形容词和副词等多种复合跨界式词性特征,可以在句中充当除谓语之外的各种句子成分,即主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语等。具体情况如下:(1)不定式的基本功能。不定式在句中可以承担除谓语外的其他六种句子成分。其中做主语和宾语时,习惯借用it作形式主语或宾语,将真正的不定式主语或宾语后置。如:It’s not easy for adults to learn a foreign language. / I make it a rule to read English for 30 minutes every morning. 当feel, hear, watch, notice, see等感官动词和have, make, let等使役动词后跟不定式作宾补时习惯省略to,但变被动语态后要还原to。如:The program aims to let all the employees understand the culture of the company. / All the employees are let to understand the culture of the company. 作状语时,主要充当目的或结果状语,作结果状语时常用于“so/such as to...”,“too...to...”或“be+adj.+enough to...”等固定结构。如:I got up early to catch the first CRH to Shanghai this morning. / You are old enough to support yourself now.(2)动词-ing的基本功能。动词-ing形式在句中也可充当除谓语外的其他六种句子成分。其中作宾语时,可充当动词宾语、介词宾语和系表结构宾语。如:I enjoy reading. / This book is well worth reading. /We’re looking forward to seeing you. 当动词-ing作宾语带有宾补时,一般用it作形式宾语,将-ing宾语后置。如:We found it no use talking like that. 作状语时,主要充当时间、原因、方式或伴随状语。如:Seeing him, I can’t help thinking of his father. / Being ill, I didn’t attend the exam yesterday. / The Children went home, singing and dancing.(3)动词-ed的基本功能。动词-ed形式的语法功能相对有限,在句中可充当除主、谓、宾之外的其他四种句子成分。其中作表语时与被动语态结构相似,如:The bowl is broken. 但表意不同,侧重强调其逻辑主语所处的状态,因此作表语的-ed形式在很多词典中常被列为形容词。如:crowded, drunk, experienced, frightened, interested, learned, lost, pleased, satisfied, surprised, worried等。

三、非谓语动词的时态

动词不定式和-ing形式有自己的各种时态,用来明示自身动作与句子谓语动作之间的先后时间关系。不定式的常见时态有三种:(1)一般式(to do),其表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生或在谓语动作之后发生。如:The fans watched their idol(to) play basketball the whole afternoon. / I decided to plant a forever-green tree next spring. (2)进行式(to be doing),强调其所表示的动作正在进行,且与谓语动作同时发生。如:She happened to be weeping when I knocked in. (3)完成式(to have done),其所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前。如:I am terribly sorry to have kept you waiting. 动词-ing形式的常用时态有两种:(1)一般式(doing),强调其动作伴随谓语动作同时发生。如:They wandered in the rain, enjoying each other for every minute.(2)完成式(having done),所表示的动作发生在句中谓语动作之前,一般在句中作时间或原因状语。如:Having lost my key, I rushed to ask for help here and there. 相比而言,动词-ed形式只有一种时态,在时间上表示一个已完成的动作或状态。

四、非谓语动词的语态

动词不定式和-ing形式有主动语态和被动语态之分,是其阐释自身动作与逻辑主语内在组合关系的一种语义标记。不定式的被动语态依据其时态主要分为两种:(1)一般式的被动语态(to be done),表示不定式的逻辑主语是该不定式所传达的动作的承受者。如:What is to be done next hasn’t been decided yet.(2)完成式的被动语态(to have been done),鉴于其含义和结构的复杂性,在现实交际中使用较少。动词-ing形式的常用时态也有两种:(1)一般式的被动语态(being done),表示一个与句中谓语动作同时发生的正在进行中的被动动作,常用作定语或状语。如:The car being repaired there is yours.(2)完成式的被动语态(having been done),表示一个发生在谓语动作之前的被动动作,在句中一般作状语。如:Having been shown around the factory, we were taken into the exhibition hall. 动词-ed形式本身就表示一个与逻辑主语之间的被动动作或状态,因此没有被动语态。

五、非谓语动词的特性

非谓语动词的特性是其彰显彼此内部语法差异和功能差异的独有个性特征,是英语动词教学、测试和应用的重点和难点。

1.动词不定式的特性。不定式的主要特性如下:(1)不定式的复合结构:“for/of + 名词(或代词宾格)+ 动词不定式”。其中的“for”表“对象”,for之后的名词或代词是不定式动作的逻辑主语。如:It is essential for us to make preparations for the opportunity. “of”表“属性或特征”,of之前的形容词表示不定式的逻辑主语的性质或特征。如:It is very kind of you to do so.(2)“疑问词+ 动词不定式”结构:疑问代词或疑问副词后可加不定式构成不定式短语,整体功能相当于一个名词,在句中可作主语、宾语或表语。如:How to prevent them from swimming in the river is a challenging problem.(3)不定式作宾语时的特殊搭档:英语某些动词后必须跟不定式作宾语,此类动词常表各种主观含义或愿望。如:agree, refuse; ask, want, demand; choose, decide, manage, plan, expect, promise, pretend; hope, wish, would like等。

2.动词-ing形式的特性。动词-ing形式的主要特性如下:(1)动词-ing的复合结构:“形容词性物主代词或名词所有格+动词-ing”。其中的物主代词或名词所有格是动词-ing动作的逻辑主语。该结构与普通动词-ing功能相当,在句中常作主语、宾语或表语。如:Your smoking and drinking will do harm to others as well as yourself. 但在口语中,该结构作宾语时,其中的物主代词常改用人称代词宾格,名词所有格常用普通格代替。如:She insisted on Peter(Peter’s) going there first.(2)动词-ing作宾语时的特殊搭档:allow, advise, forbid, permit; appreciate, consider, delay, enjoy, excuse, imagine, involve, miss (错过), mind, risk, suggest, practice, prevent, postpone, keep, succeed (in) , can’t help (忍不住)等动词后必须跟v-ing作宾语。但allow, advise, forbid, permit后若先跟人作宾语,再需接非谓语动词作宾补时,必须用不定式,即“allow, advise, forbid, permit + sb. to do”。此外,在“It’s no use/good/point...”固定结构中也须跟动词-ing形式。如:It’s no use crying over spilt milk.

3.不定式与动词-ing的差异。两者均可承担六种句子成分,但差别如下:(1)不定式与动词-ing形式作主语、宾语、表语时的区别。一般而言,不定式表示一个具体的一次性的动作,动词-ing表示一个比较抽象或泛指的动作。如:She likes playing the piano, but she doesn't want to play it today. 两者作宾语时还需注意以下两种异同:其一,下列动词既可跟不定式又可跟动词-ing作宾语,但含义有别:forget, remember, regret(不定式表示的动作“尚未发生”,动词-ing表示的“已发生或已完成”);go on, stop(不定式表示“去做另一件事”,动词-ing表示“继续做同一件事”);try(不定式表“努力去做”,动词-ing表“尝试着做”);mean(不定式表“计划、打算”,动词-ing表“意味着”)。其二,下列动词既可跟不定式又可跟动词-ing作宾语,且含义无甚差别:like, love, hate; start, begin; continue; prefer等,其中prefer主要用于固定结构中,如:prefer (doing) A to (doing) B; prefer to do A rather than do B.(2)不定式与动词-ing形式作定语时的区别。不定式作定语时的动作一般发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之后,动词-ing的动作一般与句中谓语动作同时发生。如:I have a paper to write. / The man writing a letter there is my instructor.(3)不定式与动词-ing形式作宾补时的区别。不定式作宾补强调的是一个动作的过程,而动词-ing表示其动作正在进行中。如:I hear her(to) sing in the room. / I hear her singing in the room. (4)不定式与动词-ing形式作状语时的区别。不定式一般作目的或结果状语,而动词-ing多用作时间、原因、方式或伴随状语。如:I probed into the problem to see the truth. / Not receiving his reply, I e-mailed him again.

4.动词-ing与-ed的独立主格结构。在上述动词-ing和-ed形式的基本用法中,两者在句中均有与句子主语一致的潜藏的逻辑主语,但有时它们也能拥有不同于句子主语的独立的主语,这种独立的主语与动词-ing或-ed一起构成“独立主格结构”。如:Weather permitting, we’ll go mountain-climbing tomorrow. / Work finished, he went out for relaxing. 该结构在句中一般只作状语,其时态要根据自身所表示的动作和句中谓语动作所表示的时间关系来确定。此时应注意两点:第一,独立主格结构中的being或having been常被省略。如:The meeting (being) over, all left the room. 第二,作伴随状语的独立结构常可用with或without短语代替。如:With the work done(=Work done), she felt relieved. / He stared at me without a single word spoken. (= He stared at me, no word spoken.) 此外,There be句型也可使用独立主格结构。如:There being no taxi at night, we had to walk to the hotel.

5.动词-ing与-ed形式的差异。两者的具体差异主要体现在以下三方面:(1)逻辑语义不同。动词-ing形式表示主动概念(与句子逻辑主语之间是主动关系),而及物动词的-ed形式表被动概念。如:Seeing his mother, the baby began to cry. / Seen from the sky, the city looks like a playground. (2)时间向度不同。动词-ing形式所表示的是正在进行中的动作,而动词-ed形式所表示的往往是已经完成的动作。如:China is the biggest developing country in the world while America is the biggest developed country in the world. (3)作形容词时含义不同。动词-ing形式表“事物的客观特征”,而动词-ed形式表“人的主观感受”。如:I’m surprised by his surprising look. / I’m interested in this interesting movie. 综上所述,动词-ing与-ed形式在用法上形成互补的对比关系:动词-ing形式表主动、进行或事物的客观特征,而动词-ed表被动、完成或人的主观感受。

参考文献

[1]David Nunan. Practical English Language Teaching: Grammar [M]. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press,2013.

[2]教育部.义务教育英语课程标准(2011年版)[S].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2012.

[3]教育部.普通高中英语课程标准(实验)[S].北京:人民教育出版社,2003.

[4]杨修平.基础英语教学中的虚拟条件句及其变体[J].教师博览(科研版),2013,(7):8-10.

[5]卡拉里.柯林斯实用英语语法(英汉双语版)[M].朱亚军,译.上海:上海译文出版社,2012.

[6]章振邦,张月祥,赵美娟.新编高级英语语法[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2012.

第3篇:高中英语语法大全范文

【关键词】 虚拟语气 条件 方式 让步 宾语 表语 主语

虚拟语气历来是大学生最感头痛的一个问题,在大学英语考试中出现的频率极高。因此,大学生有必要对考题中经常出现的虚拟语气有所了解。下面,我们就以历年考题为例,加以分析、总结以及归纳,以期能找出虚拟语气的规律性,使大学生对考试中的这一项目心里有数,从而助大学生生一臂之力。

1. 条件状语从句中的虚拟语气:在条件状语从句中,虚拟语气使用频率非常高,可分为以下几类。

a)表示与现在情况相反的虚拟语气:这种虚拟语气表示所说的情况与现在相反,或者可能性很小。其常用结构为:从句中用动词的过去式(be多用were),主句则用would(should,could,might)+动词原形。例如:If I knew the meaning of the word, I wouldn’t have to look it up.b)表示与过去情况相反的虚拟语气:在这种情况下,条件从句用过去完成时(had + done),主句则用would(should, could, might )+ have +done. 例如:Had it not been for my illness I would have lent him a helping hand.c)错综时间条件句:在这类句子中,虚拟条件句和主句动作发生的时间不一致,这时主句和从句的谓语动词应当根据各自所指的时间选用适当的形式。这属于比较难一点的虚拟语气。例如:If I hadn’t stood on the ladder to catch you when you fell, you wouldn’t be smiling now.d)省略 if 而采用倒装语序的条件句:这种虚拟条件句主要有两种形式:一是把条件从句中的were, had,should等置于句首,引出从句而省略if;一是用were it not for +宾语、Had it been not for +宾语、 but that +从句这几个不用 if 的条件从句,其意义是“要不是,若没有”。例如:Were they to arrive before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party.e)含蓄条件句:有的时候,假设情况并不是通过条件从句来表示,还可以用介词短语、上下文或其他方式来表示,其谓语动词也常常需要用虚拟语气。例如: He must have had an accident, or he would have been here then.f)省略结果的条件句:非真实条件句有时会省略掉结果主句,这时多表示一种不可能实现的愿望,这时常用 If only 来引导,意思是“要是……该多好呀”。例如:If only the committee would approve the regulations and put them into effect as possible.

2. 方式状语从句中的虚拟语气:由as if 或as though 引导的方式状语,用过去时表示与现在事实相反或对现在情况有所怀疑;有时,句中也用过去完成时表示过去想象中的动作情况。例如:He looked as if he hadn’t had a meal for a year.

3. 让步状语从句中的虚拟语气:一般来说,让步状语从句多由Whatever, whenever, wherever, no matter what/when/where/how,whether…or…引导,从句中用动词原形表示虚拟语气,而主句中则用陈述语序。例如:Whether she be right or wrong , she will have my unswerving support.

4. 宾语从句中的虚拟语气:宾语从句中的虚拟语气的用法主要包括以下三个方面:

a)在表示愿望的动词wish之后的宾语从句中,需用虚拟语气。宾语从句中用过去时表示与现在事实相反;用过去完成时表示与过去的事实相反。例如:I wish I could have slept longer this morning , but I had to get up and came to class. b)在具有愿望、请求、建议、命令等主观意愿的动词后的宾语从句中,需要用虚拟语气,形式为 should +动词原形或直接用动词原形。例如:My father didn’t go to New York; the doctor suggested that he not go there. c)would rather, would sooner用来表达主观意愿时,它们之后的宾语从句也需要用虚拟语气,谓语动词常用过去时。 例如:I’d rather you didn’t take these important documents with you .

5. 主语从句中的虚拟语气:a)在某些表示愿望、请求、建议、命令等形容词之后的主语,需要使用虚拟语气,其结构是should + 动词原形或者只用动词原形。这时,我们一般用it来作形式主语从句,而把真正的主语从句放到句尾去,因为这样做,可以避免句子头重脚轻。例如:I don’t think it advisable that Tim be assigned to the job since he has no experience.b)在It is desired (suggested, proposed, ordered, demanded, recommended, required, requested, insisted, … ) 之后的主语从句中,也常用虚拟语气,谓语用should + 动词原形或只用动词原形。另外,这类主句中的过去分词都是表示主观意义的。而且,这里我们也多用it作形式主语来代替较长的主语从句。例如:It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios not be played after l l o’clock at night. c)在It is +n.+主语从句这一句型中,主语从句多用虚拟语气。这种句型中的名词主要有两类:一类是表示建议、请求、命令等含有主观意向的动词的同源名词。另一类是表示遗憾、惊奇、怀疑等主观看法的名词。从句中的动词用should+动词原形或直接用动词原形。例如:It is my proposal that we put on a play at the English evening.

6. 表语从句中的虚拟语气:当表示建议、请求、命令等主观意向的名词作主语时,其后的表语从句要用虚拟语气,其谓语动词用should+动词原形或直接用动词原形。例如:My order is that nobody get here later than eight o’clock tomorrow morning.

参考文献:

[1] 秦秀白,新世纪大学英语1-4册,上海外语教育出版社,2010.

[2] 张振久,英语应用语法,北京,北京大学出版社,2009.

[3] H.D.Brown, Principles of Language Learning and Teaching,外语教学与研究出版社,2005.

[4] 李陆桂,高中英语语法大全,广西师范大学出版社,2002.